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Brunner B, Ari C, D’Agostino DP, Kovács Z. Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114082. [PMID: 34836344 PMCID: PMC8623289 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that KEKS food containing exogenous ketogenic supplement ketone salt (KS) and ketone ester (KE) decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-generated increase in SWD (spike-wave discharge) number in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, likely through ketosis. KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs). To determine whether these adenosine receptors are able to modify the KEKS food-generated alleviating effect on LPS-evoked increases in SWD number, an antagonist of A1R DPCPX (1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine; 0.2 mg/kg) with LPS (50 µg/kg) and an antagonist of A2AR SCH58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine; 0.5 mg/kg) with LPS were co-injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on the ninth day of KEKS food administration, and their influence not only on the SWD number, but also on blood glucose, R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) levels, and body weight were measured. We showed that inhibition of A1Rs abolished the alleviating effect of KEKS food on LPS-generated increases in the SWD number, whereas blocking A2ARs did not significantly modify the KEKS food-generated beneficial effect. Our results suggest that the neuromodulatory benefits of KEKS-supplemented food on absence epileptic activity are mediated primarily through A1R, not A2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Brunner
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Str. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Savaria University Centre, Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary;
| | - Csilla Ari
- Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(813)-2409925
| | - Dominic P. D’Agostino
- Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL 34471, USA
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Savaria University Centre, Department of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary;
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Sridharan B, Lee MJ. Ketogenic diet: A promising neuroprotective composition for managing Alzheimer's diseases and its pathological mechanisms. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:640-656. [PMID: 34607541 DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666211004104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to influence the specific energy metabolism and restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis that can help in hindering the progression of many metabolic diseases including diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Ketogenic diet consists of high fat and low carbohydrate contents which makes the body glucose deprived and rely on alternative sources (ketone bodies) for energy. It has been initially designed and supplemented for the treatment of epilepsy and later its influence on many energy-deriving biochemical pathways made it a highly sorted food supplement for many metabolic diseases and even by healthy individuals for body building and calorie restriction. Among the reported therapeutic action over a range of diseases, neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer's disease gained the attention of many researchers and clinicians because of its potency and its easier supplementation as a food additive. Complex pathology and multiple influencing factors of Alzheimer's disease make exploration of its therapeutic strategies a demanding task. It was a common phenomenon that energy deprivation in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, to progress rapidly. The ability of ketone bodies to stabilize the mitochondrial energy metabolism makes it a suitable intervening agent. In this review, we will discuss various research progress made with regards to ketone bodies/ketogenic diet for management of Alzheimer's disease and elaborate in detail about the mechanisms that are influenced during their therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrinathan Sridharan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung. Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng East Road, Taichung. Taiwan
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Yao A, Li Z, Lyu J, Yu L, Wei S, Xue L, Wang H, Chen GQ. On the nutritional and therapeutic effects of ketone body D-β-hydroxybutyrate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6229-6243. [PMID: 34415393 PMCID: PMC8377336 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract d-β-hydroxybutyrate (d-3HB), a monomer of microbial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), is also a natural ketone body produced during carbohydrate deprivation to provide energy to the body cells, heart, and brain. In recent years, increasing evidence demonstrates that d-3HB can induce pleiotropic effects on the human body which are highly beneficial for improving physical and metabolic health. Conventional ketogenic diet (KD) or exogenous ketone salts (KS) and esters (KE) have been used to increase serum d-3HB level. However, strict adaptation to the KD was often associated with poor patient compliance, while the ingestion of KS caused gastrointestinal distresses due to excessive consumption of minerals. As for ingestion of KE, subsequent degradation is required before releasing d-3HB for absorption, making these methods somewhat inferior. This review provides novel insights into a biologically synthesized d-3HB (d-3-hydroxybutyric acid) which can induce a faster increase in plasma d-3HB compared to the use of KD, KS, or KE. It also emphasizes on the most recent applications of d-3HB in different fields, including its use in improving exercise performance and in treating metabolic or age-related diseases. Ketones may become a fourth micro-nutrient that is necessary to the human body along with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Indeed, d-3HB being a small molecule with multiple signaling pathways within the body exhibits paramount importance in mitigating metabolic and age-related diseases. Nevertheless, specific dose–response relationships and safety margins of using d-3HB remain to be elucidated with more research. Key points • d-3HB induces pleiotropic effects on physical and metabolic health. • Exogenous ketone supplements are more effective than ketogenic diet. • d-3HB as a ketone supplement has long-term healthy impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Yao
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zihua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinyan Lyu
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liusong Yu
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Situ Wei
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingyun Xue
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Province Biomedical Material Conversion and Evaluation Engineering Technology Center, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- MedPHA Bioscience Co. Ltd., Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Industrial Park of Co-Operation Between Guangdong and Macau, Building No.103, 36 Doukou Rd, Hengqin District, Zhuhai, 519030, Guangdong Province, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,School of Life Sciences and Dept Chemical Engineering, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology (CSSB), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Abstract
One of the characteristics of the failing human heart is a significant alteration in its energy metabolism. Recently, a ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) has been implicated in the failing heart’s energy metabolism as an alternative “fuel source.” Utilization of β-OHB in the failing heart increases, and this serves as a “fuel switch” that has been demonstrated to become an adaptive response to stress during the heart failure progression in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In addition to serving as an alternative “fuel,” β-OHB represents a signaling molecule that acts as an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. It can increase histone acetylation or lysine acetylation of other signaling molecules. β-OHB has been shown to decrease the production of reactive oxygen species and activate autophagy. Moreover, β-OHB works as an NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome inhibitor and reduces Nlrp3-mediated inflammatory responses. It has also been reported that β-OHB plays a role in transcriptional or post-translational regulations of various genes’ expression. Increasing β-OHB levels prior to ischemia/reperfusion injury results in a reduced infarct size in rodents, likely due to the signaling function of β-OHB in addition to its role in providing energy. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to exert strong beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. They are also capable of increasing the production of β-OHB, which may partially explain their clinical efficacy. Despite all of the beneficial effects of β-OHB, some studies have shown detrimental effects of long-term exposure to β-OHB. Furthermore, not all means of increasing β-OHB levels in the heart are equally effective in treating heart failure. The best timing and therapeutic strategies for the delivery of β-OHB to treat heart disease are unknown and yet to be determined. In this review, we focus on the crucial role of ketone bodies, particularly β-OHB, as both an energy source and a signaling molecule in the stressed heart and the overall therapeutic potential of this compound for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, the State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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