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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Gościniak A, Formanowicz D, Cielecka-Piontek J. Natural Guardians: Natural Compounds as Radioprotectors in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6937. [PMID: 39000045 PMCID: PMC11241526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of deaths attributed to it annually. Radiotherapy, a cornerstone in cancer treatment, aims to destroy cancer cells while minimizing harm to healthy tissues. However, the harmful effects of irradiation on normal cells present a formidable obstacle. To mitigate these effects, researchers have explored using radioprotectors and mitigators, including natural compounds derived from secondary plant metabolites. This review outlines the diverse classes of natural compounds, elucidating their roles as protectants of healthy cells. Furthermore, the review highlights the potential of these compounds as radioprotective agents capable of enhancing the body's resilience to radiation therapy. By integrating natural radioprotectors into cancer treatment regimens, clinicians may improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the adverse effects on healthy tissues. Ongoing research in this area holds promise for developing complementary strategies to optimize radiotherapy efficacy and enhance patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gościniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Dorota Formanowicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (A.G.)
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Hassan HM, Abdeen AM, Abdelrahman IY, Abdo W, Mohammed SS, Abdeen A, Abdelkader A, Olga R, Fericean L, Ibrahim SF, Ghamry HI, Elgendy FS, Sorour SM, Eldeeb AA, Ahmed O, Rashed F, Bikheet MM. Radioprotective potential of whey protein against gamma irradiation-induced lingual damage. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1293230. [PMID: 38155907 PMCID: PMC10753789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1293230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ionizing radiation (IR) is effectively used in the treatment of oral malignancies; however, it might also significantly harm the surrounding tissues. Whey protein isolate (WP) is a protein derived from milk that exhibits a wide range of bioactivities. Therefore, the present research aimed to delineate the mitigating impact of WP against gamma irradiation-induced lingual damage. Methods: Rats were randomized into 5 groups: Control (saline, orally, 14 days), WP (WP; 0.5 g/kg b. w., orally, 14 days), IR (saline, orally, 14 days, exposed to 6 and 3 Gy on days 4 and 6, respectively), WP+IR (WP was given orally for 14 days before and after IR exposure; exposed to 6 and 3 Gy on days 4 and 6, respectively), and IR+WP (WP, orally, started 24 h after 1st IR exposure till the end of the experiment) groups. Samples were collected at two-time intervals (on the 7th and 14th days). Results and Discussion: Oxidative stress was stimulated upon IR exposure in tongue, indicated by boosted malondialdehyde (MDA) level, along with a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. Additionally, IR exposure depicted an increase of serum IgE, inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, along with overexpression mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa-B transcription factor/p65 (NF-κB/p65), and down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) mRNA levels in tongue tissue. Moreover, IR triggered alterations in lingual histological architecture. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of WP mitigated oxidative damage, inflammation, and desquamation that were brought on following IR exposure. The protective administration of WP markedly decreases IR-induced lingual harm compared to the mitigation protocol. Our findings recommend WP supplements to the diets of cancer patients undergoing IR that might aid radioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa M. Hassan
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Abdeen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Y. Abdelrahman
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Saher S. Mohammed
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Afaf Abdelkader
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rada Olga
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farouk S. Elgendy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Safwa M. Sorour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Osama Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Fatema Rashed
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqaa University, Zarqaa, Jordan
| | - Maha M. Bikheet
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Zou W, Fu Z, Guo X, Yao L, Hong H, Luo Y, Tan Y. Whey Protein Hydrolysate Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects to Alleviate Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)-Induced Colitis via Microbiome Restoration. Nutrients 2023; 15:4393. [PMID: 37892468 PMCID: PMC10610201 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) has been shown to have a variety of bioactivities. This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of WPH on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. The results indicated that WPH intervention for 37 days was effective in delaying the development of colonic inflammation, and high doses of WPH significantly inhibited weight loss (9.16%, n = 8, p < 0.05), protected the colonic mucosal layer, and significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in mice with colitis (n = 8, p < 0.05). In addition, WPH intervention was able to up-regulate the short-chain fatty acids secretion and restore the gut microbiome imbalance in mice with colitis. Notably, high-dose WPH intervention increased the relative abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae by 1.52-fold and decreased the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Enterobacter by 3.77-fold and 2.45-fold, respectively, compared with the Model group. WPH intervention protected colitis mice mainly by reversing the microbiome imbalance and regulating the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. This study showed that WPH has anti-inflammatory activity and a promising colitis management future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zixin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Product and Development, Hebei Dongkang Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 052165, China; (X.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Product and Development, Hebei Dongkang Dairy Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 052165, China; (X.G.); (L.Y.)
| | - Hui Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuqing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (Z.F.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
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Gao PP, Liu HQ, Ye ZW, Zheng QW, Zou Y, Wei T, Guo LQ, Lin JF. The beneficial potential of protein hydrolysates as prebiotic for probiotics and its biological activity: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37811651 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2260467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are not only a food supplement, but they have shown great potential in their nutritional, health and therapeutic effects. To maximize the beneficial effects of probiotics, it is commonly achieved by adding prebiotics. Prebiotics primarily comprise indigestible carbohydrates, specific peptides, proteins, and lipids, with oligosaccharides being the most extensively studied prebiotics. However, these rapidly fermenting oligosaccharides have many drawbacks and can cause diarrhea and flatulence in the body. Hence, the exploration of new prebiotic is of great interest. Besides oligosaccharides, protein hydrolysates have been demonstrated to enhance the expression of beneficial properties of probiotics. Consequently, this paper outlines the mechanism underlying the action of protein hydrolysates on probiotics, as well as the advantageous impacts of proteins hydrolysates derived from various food sources on probiotics. In addition, this paper also reviews the currently reported biological activities of protein hydrolysates. The aim is a theoretical basis for the development and implementation of novel prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Han-Qing Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou City, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China
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Li Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Meng Z, Huang A, Xu F, Wang X. Identification, characterization and in vitro activity of hypoglycemic peptides in whey hydrolysates from rubing cheese by-product. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112382. [PMID: 36737967 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The by-product of Chinese rubing cheese is rich in whey protein. Whey hydrolysates exhibit good hypoglycemic activity, but which specific peptide components are responsible for this effect have not yet been investigated. Herein, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ultrafiltered fraction (<3 kDa) of rubing cheese whey hydrolysates was evaluated with the inhibition rate of 37.89 %. In addition, peptide identification was conducted using LC-MS/MS, and three peptides YPVEPF, VPYPQ, and LPYPY were identified. Among these, YPVEPF had higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 3.52 mg/mL) and interacted with α-glucosidase via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces. YPVEPF was characterized as an amphipathic peptide rich in antiparallel (50.50 %) and random coil (35.20 %) structures, as well as showed good tolerance to gastrointestinal digestion and incubation under the temperature range of 20-80 °C. Notably, YPVEPF activity increased in the presence of Al3+ and Fe3+, as well as within the pH range of 2.0-6.0. Furthermore, YPVEPF had negligible hemolytic activity at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, no toxicity at concentrations below 0.5 mg/mL, and significantly promoted glucose consumption in HepG2 cells (p < 0.0001). Collectively, these findings indicate the potential of YPVEPF to be used as a novel hypoglycemic peptide in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Li
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaozhu Fan
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinglei Liu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Zishu Meng
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Aixiang Huang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Feiran Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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6
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Wu X, Yu X, Zhu N, Xu M, Li Y. Beneficial effects of whey protein peptides on muscle loss in aging mice models. Front Nutr 2022; 9:897821. [PMID: 36159451 PMCID: PMC9500585 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.897821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-related muscle loss is a hallmark of aging and is the cause of some negative outcomes. An optimized diet and supplements have a positive effect in slowing down the process of muscle loss. D-galactose(d-gal) has been used widely to develop aging model. This study explored the beneficial effects of whey protein peptides (WPPs) on sarcopenia in d-gal-induced aging mice. A total of 72 SPF male C57BL/6N mice were used in this study. Sixty mice were modeled by injected intraperitoneally with d-gal (100 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks), and the other 12 mice were used as control, and injected with the same amount of normal saline. After 6 weeks, the modeled mice were randomly divided into the model control group, whey protein group (1.5 g/kg*bw), and three WPPs intervention groups (0.3 g/kg*bw, 1.5 g/kg*bw, 3.0 g/kg*bw), according to serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The test samples were orally given to mice by daily garaged. During the 30 days intervention period, the model control group, whey protein group, and WPPs group continued receiving intraperitoneal injections of d-gal, whereas the control group continued receiving intraperitoneal injections of normal saline. The results showed that WPPs could significantly improve the grip strength of aged mice. WPPs could significantly increase lean mass of aged mice and increase muscle weight of gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus. WPPs could significantly increase the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and reduce level of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in serum. WPPs could affect the muscle fiber size in d-gal-induced aging mice. Its specific mechanism may be related to the activation of IGF-1/Akt/mTOR protein synthesis signaling pathway and reduction of the level of inflammation. These results indicate that WPPs can improve aging-related sarcopenia. Compared with whey protein, WPPs supplement seems a better form for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Research Center on Aging, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meihong Xu
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Yong Li
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In Vitro Gut Fermentation of Whey Protein Hydrolysate: An Evaluation of Its Potential Modulation on Infant Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071374. [PMID: 35405988 PMCID: PMC9003150 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey protein and its hydrolysate are ubiquitously consumed as nutritional supplements. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the infant gut microbiome, which is more variable than that of adults. Colonic fermentation was simulated through a static digestion model and fecal culture fermentation, using feces from normal infants aged from 1−3 years old. During in vitro gut fermentation, measurements of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed. Additionally, the growth curves of cultivated probiotics were analyzed to evaluate the prebiotic potential of WPH. Besides the decline of pH in fermentation, the addition of WPH induced a significant increase in the SCFA production and also the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and Streptococcus (p < 0.05). The lower ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in WPH-supplemented samples indicated the positive modulation of WPH on the gut microbiota, which could benefit the energy balance and metabolism of infants. The stimulation effect of WPH on the probiotics (particularly Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM) during cultivation implied the prebiotic potential as well. Our findings shed light on WPH as a valuable dietary supplement with not only enriched resources of essential amino acids but also the potential to restore the infant gut microbiome.
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Choi SH, Lee DY, Kang S, Lee MK, Lee JH, Lee SH, Lee HL, Lee HY, Jeong YIL. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester-Incorporated Radio-Sensitive Nanoparticles of Phenylboronic Acid Pinacol Ester-Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid for Application in Radioprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6347. [PMID: 34198522 PMCID: PMC8231778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBPE)-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) via thiobis(ethylamine) (TbEA) linkage (abbreviated as HAsPBPE conjugates) to fabricate the radiosensitive delivery of caffeic acid phenetyl ester (CAPE) and for application in radioprotection. PBPE was primarily conjugated with TbEA and then PBPE-TbEA conjugates were conjugated again with hyaluronic acid using carbodiimide chemistry. CAPE-incorporated nanoparticles of HAsPBPE were fabricated by the nanoprecipitation method and then the organic solvent was removed by dialysis. CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have a small particle size of about 80 or 100 nm and they have a spherical shape. When CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles were irradiated, nanoparticles became swelled or disintegrated and their morphologies were changed. Furthermore, the CAPE release rate from HAsPBPE nanoparticles were increased according to the radiation dose, indicating that CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles have radio-sensitivity. CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles appropriately prevented radiation-induced cell death and suppressed intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CAPE and CAPE-incorporated HAsPBPE nanoparticles efficiently improved survivability of mice from radiation-induced death and reduced apoptotic cell death. We suggest that HAsPBPE nanoparticles are promising candidates for the radio-sensitive delivery of CAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Choi
- Biomedical R&D Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-L.L.)
| | - Dong-Yeon Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Pusan 46033, Korea;
| | - Sohi Kang
- Biomaterial R&BD Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Min-Kyung Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Dong-Eui University, Pusan 47340, Korea;
| | - Jae-Heun Lee
- Department of Radiological Science, Dong-Eui University, Pusan 47340, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Department of Radiological Science, Dong-Eui University, Pusan 47340, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Biomedical R&D Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-L.L.)
| | - Hyo-Young Lee
- Department of Radiological Science, Dong-Eui University, Pusan 47340, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Young-IL Jeong
- Biomedical R&D Center, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongnam 50612, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (H.-L.L.)
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