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Salo TE, Hakola L, Niinistö S, Takkinen HM, Ahonen S, Puustinen L, Ilonen J, Toppari J, Veijola R, Hyöty H, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Gut Inflammation Markers, Diet, and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity in Finnish Children - A Nested Case-Control Study. J Nutr 2024; 154:2244-2254. [PMID: 38795745 PMCID: PMC11282497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability have been reported to precede type 1 diabetes-related autoimmunity. The role of gut inflammation in autoimmunity is not understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess whether gut inflammation markers are associated with risk of islet autoimmunity and whether diet is associated with gut inflammation markers. METHODS A nested case-control sample of 75 case children with islet autoimmunity and 88 control children was acquired from the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention cohort. Diet was assessed with 3-d food records, and calprotectin and human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) were analyzed from stool samples at 6 and 12 mo of age. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used in a matched case-control setting to assess risk of autoimmunity. Analysis of variance, independent samples t test, and a general linear model were used in secondary analyses to test associations of background characteristics and dietary factors with inflammation markers. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, calprotectin was not associated with risk of islet autoimmunity, whereas HBD-2 in the middle (odds ratio [OR]: 3.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 10.08) or highest tertile (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.05, 8.69) in comparison to the lowest at 12 mo of age showed borderline association (P-trend = 0.063) with higher risk of islet autoimmunity. Excluding children with cow milk allergy in sensitivity analyses strengthened the association of HBD-2 with islet autoimmunity, whereas adjusting for dietary factors and maternal education weakened it. At age 12 mo, higher fat intake was associated with higher HBD-2 (β: 0.219; 95% CI: 0.110, 0.328) and higher intake of dietary fiber (β: -0.294; 95% CI: -0.510, -0.078), magnesium (β: -0.036; 95% CI: -0.059, -0.014), and potassium (β: -0.003; 95% CI: -0.005, -0.001) with lower HBD-2. CONCLUSIONS Higher HBD-2 in infancy may be associated with higher risk of islet autoimmunity. Dietary factors play a role in gut inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli Ei Salo
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Leena Hakola
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Mari Takkinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi Ahonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Puustinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Zdanowicz K, Bobrus-Chociej A, Lebensztejn DM. Chemerin as Potential Biomarker in Pediatric Diseases: A PRISMA-Compliant Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030591. [PMID: 35327393 PMCID: PMC8945351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the main source of adipokines and therefore serves not only as a storage organ, but also has an endocrine effect. Chemerin, produced mainly in adipocytes and liver, is a natural ligand for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2), which have been identified in many tissues and organs. The role of this protein is an active area of research, and recent analyses suggest that chemerin contributes to angiogenesis, adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. Many studies confirm that this molecule is associated with obesity in both children and adults. We conducted a systematic review of data from published studies evaluating chemerin in children with various disease entities. We searched PubMed to identify eligible studies published prior to February 2022. A total of 36 studies were selected for analysis after a detailed investigation, which was intended to leave only the research studies. Moreover, chemerin seems to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular and digestive diseases. The purpose of this review was to describe the latest advances in knowledge of the role of chemerin in the pathogenesis of various diseases from studies in pediatric patients. The mechanisms underlying the function of chemerin in various diseases in children are still being investigated, and growing evidence suggests that this adipokine may be a potential prognostic biomarker for a wide range of diseases.
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