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Santacroce L, Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Castellaneta F, Gaxhja E, Topi S, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E. Exploitation of Natural By-Products for the Promotion of Healthy Outcomes in Humans: Special Focus on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms and Modulation of the Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:796. [PMID: 39061865 PMCID: PMC11273986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Daily, a lot of food is wasted, and vegetables, fruit, and cereals as well as marine products represent the major sources of unwanted by-products. The sustainability, waste recovery, and revalorization of food by-products have been proposed as the main goals of the so-called circular economy. In fact, food wastes are enriched in by-products endowed with beneficial effects on human health. Grape, olives, vegetables, and rice contain different compounds, such as polyphenols, dietary fibers, polysaccharides, vitamins, and proteins, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting pro-oxidant genes and the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kβ) pathway, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Dietary fibers act upon the gut microbiota, expanding beneficial bacteria, which contribute to healthy outcomes. Furthermore, marine foods, even including microalgae, arthropods, and wastes of fish, are rich in carotenoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and chitooligosaccharides, which afford antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection. The present review will cover the major by-products derived from food wastes, describing the mechanisms of action involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the modulation of the gut microbiota. The effects of some by-products have also been explored in clinical trials, while others, such as marine by-products, need more investigation for their full exploitation as bioactive compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (E.J.)
| | - Lucrezia Bottalico
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania (E.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, Institute of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesca Castellaneta
- School of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Elona Gaxhja
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania (E.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania (E.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (E.J.)
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.P.); (E.J.)
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Nieri P, Carpi S, Esposito R, Costantini M, Zupo V. Bioactive Molecules from Marine Diatoms and Their Value for the Nutraceutical Industry. Nutrients 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 36678334 PMCID: PMC9861441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for novel sources of nutrients is among the basic goals for achievement of sustainable progress. In this context, microalgae are relevant organisms, being rich in high-value compounds and able to grow in open ponds or photobioreactors, thus enabling profitable exploitation of aquatic resources. Microalgae, a huge taxon containing photosynthetic microorganisms living in freshwater, as well as in brackish and marine waters, typically unicellular and eukaryotic, include green algae (Chlorophyceae), red algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). In recent decades, diatoms have been considered the most sustainable sources of nutrients for humans with respect to other microalgae. This review focuses on studies exploring their bio-pharmacological activities when relevant for human disease prevention and/or treatment. In addition, we considered diatoms and their extracts (or purified compounds) when relevant for specific nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Marine Pharmacology, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Carpi
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and Nanotechnology (NEST), Piazza San Silvestro, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Antorn Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, 80077 Ischia, Italy
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Li W, Wang Z, Lin R, Huang S, Miao H, Zou L, Liu K, Cui X, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Qiu S, Ma J, Wu W, Liu Y. Lithocholic acid inhibits gallbladder cancer proliferation through interfering glutaminase-mediated glutamine metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115253. [PMID: 36176239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lithocholic acid (LCA), one of the most common metabolic products of bile acids (BAs), is originally synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released to the intestine, where it assists absorption of lipid-soluble nutrients. LCA has recently emerged as a powerful reagent to inhibit tumorigenesis; however, the anti-tumor activity and molecular mechanisms of LCA in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remain poorly acknowledged. Here, we analyzed serum levels of LCA in human GBC and found that LCA was significantly downregulated in these patients, and reduced LCA levels were associated with poor clinical outcomes. Treatment of xenografts with LCA impeded tumor growth. Furthermore, LCA treatment in GBC cell lines decreased glutaminase (GLS) expression, glutamine (Gln) consumption, and GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP+ ratios, leading to cellular ferroptosis. In contrast, GLS overexpression in tumor cells fully restored GBC proliferation and decreased ROS imbalance, thus suppressing ferroptosis. Our findings reveal that LCA functions as a tumor-suppressive factor in GBC by downregulating GLS-mediated glutamine metabolism and subsequently inducing ferroptosis. This study may offer a new therapeutic strategy tailored to improve the treatment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruirong Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fujian, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuya Cui
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengkai Jiang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shimei Qiu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiyao Ma
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai 200127, China; Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Fish Oil Enriched n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Improve Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate/High-Fat Diet-Caused Dyslipidemia, Excessive Fat Accumulation, and Weight Control in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091796. [PMID: 35565762 PMCID: PMC9101890 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate and high-fat diets have been used for body weight (BW) control, but their adverse effects on lipid profiles have raised concern. Fish oil (FO), rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, has profound effects on lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that FO supplementation might improve the lipid metabolic disturbance elicited by low-carbohydrate and high-fat diets. Male SD rats were randomized into normal control diet (NC), high-fat diet (HF), and low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LC) groups in experiment 1, and NC, LC, LC + 5% FO (5CF), and LC + 10% FO diet (10CF) groups in experiment 2. The experimental duration was 11 weeks. In the LC group, a ketotic state was induced, and food intake was decreased; however, it did not result in BW loss compared to either the HF or NC groups. In the 5CF group, rats lost significant BW. Dyslipidemia, perirenal and epididymal fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, and increases in triglyceride and plasma leptin levels were observed in the LC group but were attenuated by FO supplementation. These findings suggest that a ketogenic low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet with no favorable effect on body weight causes visceral and liver lipid accumulation. FO supplementation not only aids in body weight control but also improves lipid metabolism in low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-fed rats.
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