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Hsu YC, Huang YY, Tsai SY, Kuo YW, Lin JH, Ho HH, Chen JF, Hsia KC, Sun Y. Efficacy of Probiotic Supplements on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Inflammatory Biomarkers, Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia: A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023; 16:16. [PMID: 38201846 PMCID: PMC10780998 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been explored. Animal studies have reported the positive effects of probiotics on these factors. Some clinical studies also support the potential role of probiotics in improving cognitive function via the gut-brain axis in older adults. However, clinical experimental studies evaluating the efficacy of probiotics targeting the neurotrophic factors and inflammatory biomarkers, particularly among AD patients, remain very limited. In this randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled trial, we used multi-strain probiotic supplements, including Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis BLI-02, B. breve Bv-889, B. animalis subsp. lactis CP-9, B. bifidum VDD088, and Lactobacillus plantarum PL-02 as the intervention. Participants were divided into an active control group (received probiotic supplements containing 5 × 107 colony-forming units per day, CFU/day) and a treatment group (1 × 1010 CFU/day). Student's t test was applied as the main method of statistical analysis. After 12 weeks of intervention, the treatment group demonstrated a 36% increase in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (* p = 0.005), a reduction in IL-1β (* p = 0.041), and an increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) (* p = 0.012). No significant change was found in the active control group. A trend toward less cognitive deterioration was observed, but not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study presents evidence supporting the benefits of multi-strain probiotics in enhancing BDNF, ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Yen-Yu Huang
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Shin-Yu Tsai
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Wei Kuo
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Jia-Hung Lin
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Hsieh-Hsun Ho
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Jui-Fen Chen
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Ko-Chiang Hsia
- Department of Research and Design, Glac Biotech Co., Ltd., Tainan 744, Taiwan; (Y.-C.H.); (S.-Y.T.); (Y.-W.K.); (J.-H.L.); (H.-H.H.); (J.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurology, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Nagakubo D, Kaibori Y. Oral Microbiota: The Influences and Interactions of Saliva, IgA, and Dietary Factors in Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2307. [PMID: 37764151 PMCID: PMC10535076 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in metagenomic analyses have made it easier to analyze microbiota. The microbiota, a symbiotic community of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses within a specific environment in tissues such as the digestive tract and skin, has a complex relationship with the host. Recent studies have revealed that microbiota composition and balance particularly affect the health of the host and the onset of disease. Influences such as diet, food preferences, and sanitation play crucial roles in microbiota composition. The oral cavity is where the digestive tract directly communicates with the outside. Stable temperature and humidity provide optimal growth environments for many bacteria. However, the oral cavity is a unique environment that is susceptible to pH changes, salinity, food nutrients, and external pathogens. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the oral microbiota, as changes in bacterial composition and balance could contribute to the development of systemic diseases. This review focuses on saliva, IgA, and fermented foods because they play critical roles in maintaining the oral bacterial environment by regulating its composition and balance. More attention should be paid to the oral microbiota and its regulatory factors in oral and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagakubo
- Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji 670-8524, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kaibori
- Division of Health and Hygienic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji 670-8524, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata-shi 573-0101, Osaka, Japan;
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Abstract
The multifaceted microbiota characterizing our gut plays a crucial role in maintaining immune, metabolic and tissue homeostasis of the intestine as well as of distal organs, including the central nervous system. Microbial dysbiosis is reported in several inflammatory intestinal diseases characterized by the impairment of the gut epithelial and vascular barriers, defined as leaky gut, and it is reported as a potential danger condition associated with the development of metabolic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we pointed out the strict connection between the gut and the brain via a novel vascular axis. Here we want to deepen our knowledge on the gut-brain axis, with particular emphasis on the connection between microbial dysbiosis, leaky gut, cerebral and gut vascular barriers, and neurodegenerative diseases. The firm association between microbial dysbiosis and impairment of the vascular gut-brain axis will be summarized in the context of protection, amelioration or boosting of Alzheimer, Parkinson, Major depressive and Anxiety disorders. Understanding the relationship between disease pathophysiology, mucosal barrier function and host-microbe interaction will foster the use of the microbiome as biomarker for health and disease as well as a target for therapeutic and nutritional advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy.
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Ma X, Kim JK, Shin YJ, Son YH, Lee DY, Park HS, Kim DH. Alleviation of Cognitive Impairment-like Behaviors, Neuroinflammation, Colitis, and Gut Dysbiosis in 5xFAD Transgenic and Aged Mice by Lactobacillus mucosae and Bifidobacterium longum. Nutrients 2023; 15:3381. [PMID: 37571319 PMCID: PMC10421059 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) may cause gut inflammation and dysbiosis. Gut inflammation-suppressing probiotics alleviate neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, to understand whether anti-inflammatory probiotics Lactobacillus mucosae NK41 and Bifidobacterium longum NK46, which suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, could alleviate cognitive impairment, we first examined their effects on cognitive function, gut inflammation, and gut microbiota composition in 5xFAD-transgenic mice. Oral administration of NK41 or NK46 decreased cognitive impairment-like behaviors, hippocampal amyloid-β (Aβ), TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β expression, hippocampal NF-κB+Iba1+ cell population, and Aβ accumulation, while hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and IL-10 expression and BDNF+NeuN+ cell population increased. They also decreased TNF-α and IL-1β expression and NF-κB+CD11c+ cell population in the colon. They also reduced fecal and blood LPS levels and gut Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia populations (including Akkkermansiaceae), which are positively associated with hippocampal TNF-α and fecal LPS levels and negatively correlated with hippocampal BDNF level. However, they increased Odoribactericeae, which positively correlated with BDNF expression level and TNF-α to IL-10 expression ratio. The combination of NK41 and NK46 (4:1, NKc), which potently inhibited TNF-α expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, additively alleviated cognitive impairment-like behaviors in 5xFAD-transgenic or aged mice. NKc increased hippocampal BDNF+NeuN+ cell population and BDNF expression in 5xFAD-transgenic or aged mice, while hippocampal TNF-α and IL-1β expression decreased. NKc also decreased TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the colon and LPS levels in the blood and feces. These findings suggest that gut bacteria and its product LPS may be closely connected with occurrence of cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation and the combination of NK41 and NK46 can additively alleviate cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation by inducing NF-κB-suppressed BDNF expression and suppressing LPS-producing gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ma
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoo Son
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seo Park
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Citation: Tight Junction Protein Expression-Inducing Probiotics Alleviate TNBS-Induced Cognitive Impairment with Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142975. [PMID: 35889931 PMCID: PMC9317072 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A leaky gut is closely connected with systemic inflammation and psychiatric disorder. The rectal injection of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induces gut inflammation and cognitive function in mice. Therefore, we selected Bifidobacterium longum NK219, Lactococcus lactis NK209, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NK210, which induced claudin-1 expression in TNBS- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2 cells, from the fecal bacteria collection of humans and investigated their effects on cognitive function and systemic inflammatory immune response in TNBS-treated mice. The intrarectal injection of TNBS increased cognitive impairment-like behaviors in the novel object recognition and Y-maze tests, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17 expression in the hippocampus and colon, and LPS level in the blood and feces, while the expression of hippocampal claudin-5 and colonic claudin-1 decreased. Oral administration of NK209, NK210, and NK219 singly or together decreased TNBS-impaired cognitive behaviors, TNF-α and IL-1β expression, NF-κB+Iba1+ cell and LPS+Iba1+ cell numbers in the hippocampus, and LPS level in the blood and feces, whereas BDNF+NeuN+ cell and claudin-5+ cell numbers and IL-10 expression increased. Furthermore, they suppressed TNBS-induced colon shortening and colonic TNF-α and IL-1β expression, while colonic IL-10 expression and mucin protein-2+ cell and claudin-1+ cell numbers expression increased. Of these, NK219 most strongly alleviated cognitive impairment and colitis. They additively alleviated cognitive impairment with colitis. Based on these findings, NK209, NK210, NK219, and their combinations may alleviate cognitive impairment with systemic inflammation by suppressing the absorption of gut bacterial products including LPS into the blood through the suppression of gut bacterial LPS production and alleviation of a leaky gut by increasing gut tight junction proteins and mucin-2 expression.
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