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Kobetitsch S, Gierlikowska B, Kunert O, Mazen AM, Raab P, Kretschmer N, Donolo C, Pirker T, Bauer R, Kiss AK, Pferschy-Wenzig EM. Salvadora persica leaves: phytochemical profile and in vitro-inhibitory activity on inflammatory mediators implicated in periodontal disease. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:563-576. [PMID: 39021070 PMCID: PMC11259067 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2374801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Virtually all parts of Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) are used in traditional medicine. The twigs and leaves are used for oral health, but leaves are far less investigated. OBJECTIVE This study assesses the oral health-promoting potential of S. persica leaves with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects and provides an in depth-characterization of their metabolite profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hot-water and methanolic S. persica leaf extracts (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) and their major constituents (5, 10, and 50 µM), were subjected to cellular assays on IL-8 and TNFα release in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils, NO-release in LPS/IFNγ stimulated mouse macrophages, and proliferation of HNO97 human tongue carcinoma cells. Metabolite profiling was performed by UHPLC-HRMS analysis. Major constituents were isolated and structurally elucidated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both extracts showed pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated neutrophils. Major identified compound classes were flavonoid glycosides, the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin, phenyl- and benzylglycoside sulfates, and megastigmane glycosylsulfates, the latter ones identified for the first time in S. persica. Glucotropaeolin strongly inhibited the release of IL-8 and TNF-α (13.3 ± 2.0 and 22.7 ± 2.6% of the release of stimulated control cells at 50 µM), while some flavonoids and 3-(3'-O-sulfo-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone, a newly isolated megastigmane glycosylsulfate, were moderately active. Benzylisothiocyanate, which is likely formed from glucotropaeolin during traditional application of S. persica, showed considerable antiproliferative activity (IC50 in HNO97 cells: 10.19 ± 0.72 µM) besides strongly inhibiting IL-8 and TNFα release. CONCLUSIONS Glucotropaeolin and benzylisothiocyanate are likely implicated in the oral health-promoting effects of S. persica leaves. The chemistry and pharmacology of the newly identified megastigmane glycosylsulfates should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kobetitsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M.A. Mazen
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Pia Raab
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Donolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Pirker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna K. Kiss
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Pan Y, Lv H, Feng X, Zhou S, Hu H, Chen S, Cheng Y, Fan F, Gong S, Chen P, Chu Q. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) alleviates the inflammatory response and recovers oral microbiota in acetic acid-induced oral inflammation mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:10069-10082. [PMID: 37867423 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiota, the second largest microbiome in the human body, plays an integral role in maintaining both the local oral and systemic health of the host. Oral microecological imbalances have been identified as a potential risk factor for numerous oral and systemic diseases. As a representative component of tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has demonstrated inhibitory effects on most pathogens in single-microbial models. In this study, the regulatory effect of EGCG on more complex oral microbial systems was further explored through a mouse model of acetic acid-induced oral inflammation. Acetic acid induces histological damage in the cheek pouch, tongue, and throat, such as broken mucosa, submucosal edema, and muscular disorders. These detrimental effects were ameliorated significantly following EGCG treatment. Additionally, EGCG reduced the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α to alleviate the inflammation of the tongue, cheek pouch, and throat. According to the 16S rDNA gene sequencing data, EGCG treatment contributed to increased diversity of the oral microbiota and the reversal of oral microecological disorder. This study demonstrates the regulatory effect of EGCG on dysregulated oral microbiota, providing a potential option for the prevention and treatment of oral-microbiota-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Pan
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Helin Lv
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Su Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shuxi Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yan Cheng
- Hangzhou Real Taste Tea Culture Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Fangyuan Fan
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shuying Gong
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Elbatreek MH, Fathi AM, Mahdi I, Abdelfattah MAO, Mahmoud MF, Sobeh M. Thymus satureioides Coss. combats oral ulcer via inhibition of inflammation, proteolysis, and apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2557-2570. [PMID: 37477794 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral ulcer is a frequent condition that commonly affects the tongue and in which 75% of the patients experience pain, and 25% report taste changes. The available therapies are not sufficiently effective for rapid and complete healing of tongue ulcers. We previously annotated the metabolites of Thymus satureioides (TS) aerial parts and reported their antioxidant, dermacosmeceutical and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, we performed in silico analysis, by applying network pharmacology and molecular docking, followed by experimental validation of the effect of local application of T. satureioides (TS) gel at two different concentrations on the healing of acetic-acid-induced tongue ulcer in rats. Salvianolic acid A, phloretic acid caffeate, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were the top bioactive ingredients of TS extract. Network pharmacology showed that the most relevant targets of these active constituents were TLR4, COX-2, MMP-9, TNF-α, and Caspase-3. Molecular docking showed that rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid had a relatively strong binding affinity, compared to the other compounds, toward all the target proteins. Experimental validation in tongue ulcer model in rats and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that application of a gel containing TS extract (5 and 10%) was effective in healing the tongue ulcer via downregulation of COX-2, TNF-α, MMP-9, and Caspase-3. This study suggests that T. satureioides extract could act as a topical treatment for tongue ulcers by combating inflammation, apoptosis, and proteolysis. The possible treatment potential of some constituents including rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid in oral ulcerations awaits further investigations to confirm their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Fathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed A O Abdelfattah
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, 54200, Kuwait
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Department, College for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
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Zhou S, Bao Z, Ma S, Ou C, Hu H, Yang Y, Feng X, Pan Y, Gong S, Fan F, Chen P, Chu Q. A local dark tea - Liubao tea - extract exhibits remarkable performance in oral tissue regeneration, inflammation relief and oral microbiota reconstruction. Food Funct 2023; 14:7400-7412. [PMID: 37475617 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of oral health problems is ubiquitous in contemporary society, with particular emphasis placed on the central role of oral flora in mitigating this issue. Both ancient literature and modern research have highlighted the promising application of tea with substantial bioactive properties, particularly dark tea, in preserving and promoting oral health. Liubao tea, a widely consumed dark tea with increasing popularity in recent years, has been reported to possess abundant bioactive constituents, exhibit remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, modulate the flora structure and so on. It may be a promising candidate for addressing oral health problems. In this study, Liubao tea was meticulously extracted, purified and identified, followed by an investigation of its potential to modulate oral microecology by virtue of an acetic acid-induced oral disorder murine model. The results revealed that Liubao tea extract (LTE) application commendably reconstructed the oral mucosal barrier, promoted tissue regeneration and mitigated micro-inflammation. Furthermore, LTE treatment could also ameliorate the oral flora composition by decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria and increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at the phylum level, as well as inhibiting pernicious bacteria such as Streptococcus and Delftia acidovorans. So, it could promote the generation of a beneficial microenvironment and regulate the immune process. Overall, LTE demonstrated remarkable potential in regulating the balance of oral microecology, suggesting that it may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for oral health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhelu Bao
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Shicheng Ma
- Wuzhou Liubao Tea Research Association, Wuzhou, 543000, P. R. China
| | - Cansong Ou
- Wuzhou Tea Industry Development Service Center, Wuzhou, 543000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forest University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- College of Standardization, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yani Pan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Shuying Gong
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Fangyuan Fan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
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Zaghloul E, Handousa H, Singab ANB, Elmazar MM, Ayoub IM, Swilam N. Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:206. [PMID: 36616335 PMCID: PMC9824417 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atriplex dimorphostegia (Saltbush) is an annual halophytic shrub that is widely distributed across various parts of Asia. The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its anabolic activity together with the isolated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in orchidectomized male rats. TEAD was analyzed and standardized utilizing UPLC-PDA-ESI−MS/MS and UPLC-PDA-UV techniques, resulting in tentative identification of fifty compounds including polyphenols, steroids and triterpenoids. In addition, 20-HE was quantified, representing 26.79 μg/mg of the extract. Phytochemical investigation of TEAD resulted in the isolation of 20-HE from the ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD) and was identified by conventional spectroscopic methods of analysis. Furthermore, the anabolic effect of the isolated 20-HE and TEAD was then evaluated using in silico and in vivo models. Molecular docking experiments revealed in vitro selectivity of 20-HE towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and androgenic receptor (AR). The anabolic efficacy of TEAD and 20-HE was studied in orchidectomized immature male Wistar rats using the weight of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The weights of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles were used as indicators for androgenic activity. Rats administered 20-HE and TEAD showed a significant increase (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001) in the net muscle mass compared to the negative control, while the group receiving TEAD showed the highest percentage among all groups at p < 0.0001. Histopathological investigation of skeletal muscle fibers showed normal morphological structures, and the group administered 20-HE showed an increase in cross sectional area of muscle fibers comparable to methandienone and testosterone groups at p > 0.99. A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Heba Handousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B. Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohey M. Elmazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Iriny M. Ayoub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Noha Swilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
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Vuletic M, Jakovljevic V, Zivanovic S, Papic M, Papic M, Mladenovic R, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Jeremic J, Andjic M, Kocovic A, Sretenovic J, Mitrovic S, Božin B, Kladar N, Bolevich S, Bradic J. The Evaluation of Healing Properties of Galium verum-Based Oral Gel in Aphthous Stomatitis in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154680. [PMID: 35897855 PMCID: PMC9332434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although oral ulcers represent one of the most frequent oral mucosal diseases, the available treatment is not sufficient to provide complete ulcer recovery without side-effects. Therefore, the aim of our study was to prepare a mucoadhesive oral gel based on Galium verum ethanol extract (GVL gel) and reveal its healing effects in the model of aphthous stomatitis in rats. Rats with oral ulcers were divided into the following groups: control (untreated), gel base (ulcer was treated with the gel base, three times per day for 10 days), and GVL gel group (the ulcer was treated with GVL gel in the same way as the gel base). Animals from each group were sacrificed on days 0, 3, 6, and 10 for collecting blood and ulcer tissue samples. Healing properties of oral gel were determined by clinical evaluation, as well as biochemical and histopathological examinations. Our findings suggest a significant decrease in the ulcer size in GVL gel group, with healing effects achieved through the alleviation of oxidative stress, reduction in COX-2 immunopositivity, and increase in collagen content in buccal tissue. Significant ulcer repairing potential of GVL gel highlights this oral mucoadhesive gel as a promising tool for prevention and treatment of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miona Vuletic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujeva, Serbia; (M.V.); (S.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (I.S.); (J.S.)
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Suzana Zivanovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujeva, Serbia; (M.V.); (S.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Milos Papic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujeva, Serbia; (M.V.); (S.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Mirjana Papic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujeva, Serbia; (M.V.); (S.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Rasa Mladenovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujeva, Serbia; (M.V.); (S.Z.); (M.P.); (M.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (I.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (I.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jovana Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.J.); (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Marijana Andjic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.J.); (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Kocovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.J.); (M.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Jasmina Sretenovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.J.); (V.Z.); (I.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Slobodanka Mitrovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Biljana Božin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.B.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (B.B.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jovana Bradic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (J.J.); (M.A.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-34306800
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El-Zahar H, Menze ET, Handoussa H, Osman AK, El-Shazly M, Mostafa NM, Swilam N. UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling and Healing Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Alhagi maurorum against Oral Ulcer in Rats. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:455. [PMID: 35161436 PMCID: PMC8838639 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Camelthorn, Alhagi maurorum Boiss, family Fabaceae has long been used in African folk medicine owing to its richness in pharmacologically active metabolites. The crude extract (CEAM), ethyl acetate fraction (EFAM) and n-butanol (BFAM) fraction of A. maurorum aerial parts were investigated for their total polyphenols and oral antiulcer activity using in-vitro and in-vivo models. The major phenolic compound was isolated from the polyphenol-rich EFAM fraction and identified by conventional and spectroscopic methods of analysis as isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside. Furthermore, standardization of EAFM using UPLC-PDA-UV quantified isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside as 262.91 0.57 g/mg of the fraction. Analysis of EFAM using UPLC-PDA-MS/MS revealed tentative identification of 25 polyphenolic compounds. EFAM exhibited the most potent free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, with an IC50 (27.73 ± 1.85 µg/mL) and an FRAP value of (176.60 ± 5.21 μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg fraction) in comparison with CEAM and BFAM. Acetic acid-induced oral ulcers in a rat model were used to evaluate the healing properties of A. maurorum aerial parts. EFAM significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) by 36.4% and 50.8%, respectively, in the ulcer tissues while, CEAM and BFAM exhibited lower activity at the same dose. In addition, EFAM led to a significant (p < 0.0001) rise in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a cell proliferation marker. A. maurorum exhibited a potent healing effect in acetic acid-induced oral ulcers in rats by mitigating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improving PCNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala El-Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba Handoussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ahmed K Osman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Nada M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Noha Swilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo 11837, Egypt
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