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Ehrhardt C, Deibert C, Flöck A, Merz WM, Gembruch U, Bockler A, Dötsch J, Joisten C, Ferrari N. Impact of Diet Quality during Pregnancy on Gestational Weight Gain and Selected Adipokines-Results of a German Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071515. [PMID: 35406128 PMCID: PMC9003101 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While nutrition during pregnancy is critical for the health of both mother and child, little is known about the diet quality of women during pregnancy, its correlation with gestational weight gain (GWG)/body composition, and chosen maternal adipokines. Therefore, we evaluated the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) of 110 pregnant women and analyzed its correlation with GWG/body composition, physical activity, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6), respectively. Diet quality was medium in 63% of women, characterized by a high intake of animal-based products. HEI was negatively influenced by pre-pregnancy obesity (β = −0.335, p = 0.004), and positively influenced by higher age (>35 yrs., β = 0.365, p ≤ 0.001), upper arm circumference (β = 0.222, p = 0.052), and total activity during the third trimester (β = 0.258, p = 0.008). GWG was associated with pre-pregnancy obesity (β = −0.512, p ≤ 0.001), thigh circumference (β = 0.342, p = 0.007), upper arm fat area (β = 0.208, p = 0.092), and maternal age group (>35 yrs. β = −0.166, p = 0.082), but not with HEI. Leptin and IL-6 displayed associations with variables representative of body composition, such as pre-pregnancy BMI, thigh circumference, upper arm fat area, and upper arm circumference, but were not influenced by HEI. Neither were adiponectin and resistin. IL-6 was also associated with total activity. In conclusion, GWG, leptin, and IL-6 were influenced by nutritional status (body composition/pre-pregnancy BMI), not by maternal diet. Physical activity level also had an impact on IL-6. Thus, efforts should be intensified to improve diet quality and participation in sports before and during pregnancy, particularly in overweight or obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ehrhardt
- Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Clara Deibert
- Department of Pediatric, DRK Hospital Kirchen, Bahnhofstraße 24, 57548 Kirchen, Germany;
| | - Anne Flöck
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Bonn Medical School, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Waltraut M. Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Bonn Medical School, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Bonn Medical School, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.F.); (W.M.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Adeline Bockler
- Department of General Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Marienhof Hospital, Rudolf-Virchow-Str. 7–9, 56073 Koblenz, Germany;
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne and University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Christine Joisten
- Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Nina Ferrari
- Cologne Center for Prevention in Childhood and Youth/Heart Center Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
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