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Geirsdóttir ÓG, Pajari AM. Protein - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10261. [PMID: 38187790 PMCID: PMC10770649 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are needed for providing essential amino acids, nitrogen, and fuel for the body's needs in all age groups. Proteins are especially required during active growth in pregnancy, lactation, childhood, and tissue growth in general. An adequate protein intake is needed in old adults to avoid premature muscle loss. According to the current dietary surveys, protein intake in the Nordic and Baltic countries varies from 15 to 19% of the total energy intake in adults. Comprehensive data regarding children and older adults are lacking. No good measure for protein status exists, and the estimation of physiological requirements is based on N-balance studies having some weaknesses. Protein quality is assessed by considering the protein digestibility of individual indispensable amino acids and their utilization (bioavailability), which is affected by food antinutrients and processing. The evidence regarding the association of protein intake per se with health outcomes is limited or suggestive. It is difficult to separate from the effect of other nutrients or ingredients in protein-rich foods. Proteins are widespread in foods, deriving from both animal and plant sources. Animal-sourced protein production puts more strain on the environment than plant-sourced proteins and contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby enhancing climate change. In Nordic and Baltic countries, consumption of animal-sourced proteins is relatively high. A shift toward more plant-based protein diets would be advisable for promoting a healthy and sustainable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ólöf Guðný Geirsdóttir
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Zheng Y, Fang Y, Xu X, Ye W, Kang S, Yang K, Cao Y, Xu R, Zheng J, Wang H. Dietary saturated fatty acids increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in an elderly population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res 2023; 120:99-114. [PMID: 37952265 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of dietary saturated fatty acids intake on human health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains debated. The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary saturated fatty acid consumption and all-cause and CVD mortality among the elderly population. Data for the participants in this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset spanning the years 2003 through 2008. Information regarding mortality and the follow-up duration were extracted from the 2019 public-use linked mortality files provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 3404 participants were included in this study. The ratio of dietary saturated fatty acids to total fat was associated with the mortality from all-cause, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease after adjusting confounding factors (P < .05). For every 10% increase in the saturated fatty acids to total fat ratio, all-cause mortality increased by 24% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.37), the heart disease mortality increased by 26% (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.52), and the cerebrovascular disease mortality increased by 67% (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.14-2.45) at 10 years' follow-up. In addition, low dietary saturated fatty acids intake was associated with reduced mortality because of all-cause and heart disease after adjusting confounding factors (P < .05). In conclusion, in this elderly population, dietary saturated fatty acid intake was associated with all-cause mortality, heart disease mortality, and cerebrovascular disease mortality. Reducing saturated fatty acid intake in the diet may extend the survival rate for the elderly population. However, the difference of the effects of specific dietary saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on mortality needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiru Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Woruo Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Kang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunzhao Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongxin Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junwu Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132730. [PMID: 35807910 PMCID: PMC9268943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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