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Santoso AW, Amalia E, Sari KI, Takarini V, Sufiawati I. Histopathological Evaluation of Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Granola Potato Peel Ethanol Extract in Rat Oral Mucosa. J Exp Pharmacol 2024; 16:377-395. [PMID: 39469135 PMCID: PMC11514816 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s487373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral mucosal wounds present significant clinical challenges due to their susceptibility to infection, inflammation, and delayed healing. The limitation of standard anti-inflammatory drugs (both steroidal and non-steroidal) highlights the urgent need for plant-derived alternative therapies. Granola potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia, has shown promise due to its bioactive compounds. However, its potential for wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects, specifically for oral mucosal wounds, remains largely unexplored. Purpose To evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of Granola potato peel ethanol extract (GPPEE) on the oral mucosa of Wistar rats based on histopathological analysis. Materials and Methods Forty-eight Wistar rats were wounded on the palatal mucosa using a 4 mm punch biopsy and subsequently divided into four groups: placebo gel, 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide ointment (TCA), 4% GPPEE gel, and 6% GPPEE gel. The rats were euthanized on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14. Histopathological parameters assessed included fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and the presence of inflammatory cells. Results Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in the Granola potato peel ethanol extract (GPPEE). Significant differences in the number of inflammatory cells were observed on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 (p<0.05), with the groups treated with 4% and 6% GPPEE gel initially exhibiting pro-inflammatory effects on day 3, followed by significant anti-inflammatory effects on days 7 and 14. The 6% GPPEE gel treatment demonstrated a notable increase in fibroblasts on days 1, 7, and 14 (p<0.05), as well as collagen deposition on days 7 and 14 (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in angiogenesis (p>0.05). Conclusion The application of 4% and 6% GPPEE gel demonstrated superior wound healing efficacy compared to 0.1% TCA and exhibited comparable anti-inflammatory activity to 0.1% TCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Widhowaty Santoso
- Oral Medicine Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Eri Amalia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Indah Sari
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Veni Takarini
- Department of Dental Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Irna Sufiawati
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Zhao Z, Hu C, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang L. Main chemical constituents and mechanism of anti-tumor action of Solanum nigrum L. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7314. [PMID: 39155844 PMCID: PMC11331249 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Solanum nigrum L. (SNL) is a natural drugwith diverse bioactive components and multi-targeted anti-tumor effects, gaining increasing attention in clinical application. METHOD AND RESULTS This paper reviews the studies on SNL by searching academic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct,and Web of Science, among others), analyzing its chemical compositions (alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, among others), andbriefly describes the anti-tumor mechanisms of the main components. DISCUSSION This paper discusses the shortcomings of the current research on SNL and proposes corresponding solutions, providing theoretical support for further research on its biological functions and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐duo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Hu
- Experiment Center for Science and TechnologyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM‐Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Wang LH, Tan DH, Zhong XS, Jia MQ, Ke X, Zhang YM, Cui T, Shi L. Review on toxicology and activity of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes. Food Chem 2024; 447:138937. [PMID: 38492295 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of selection and limited intelligence in mechanical picking, some immature tomatoes that contain alkaloids are thrown away. Tomatine alkaloids are steroidal alkaloids naturally present in Solanaceae plants, which are distributed in small amounts in immature tomato fruits and decrease as the fruits ripen. Tomato glycoalkaloids are harmful to human health. However, in small quantities, there is some evidence that these compounds might be beneficial, as other non-antioxidant bioactivities. This article considers recent research on the biological effects of tomato glycoalkaloids in immature tomatoes, providing reference value for the potential development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - De-Hong Tan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue-Song Zhong
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mei-Qi Jia
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xue Ke
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Piccolo V, Pastore A, Maisto M, Keivani N, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Summa V. Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Foods 2024; 13:331. [PMID: 38275698 PMCID: PMC10815480 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Unripe tomatoes represent an agri-food waste resulting from industrial by-processing products of tomatoes, yielding products with a high content of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical properties. The food-matrix biological properties are attributed to the high steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content. Among them, α-tomatine is the main SGA reported in unripe green tomatoes. This review provides an overview of the main chemical and pharmacological features of α-tomatine and green tomato extracts. The extraction processes and methods employed in SGA identification and the quantification are discussed. Special attention was given to the methods used in α-tomatine qualitative and quantitative analyses, including the extraction procedures and the clean-up methods applied in the analysis of Solanum lycopersicum L. extracts. Finally, the health-beneficial properties and the pharmacokinetics and toxicological aspects of SGAs and α-tomatine-containing extracts are considered in depth. In particular, the relevant results of the main in vivo and in vitro studies reporting the therapeutic properties and the mechanisms of action were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.P.); (A.P.); (M.M.); (N.K.); (G.C.T.); (M.S.)
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Cai L, Hou B, Hu J. Tomatidine ameliorates high-fat-diet/streptozocin (HFD/STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38186367 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2298404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of tomatidine (Td) on the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mice and uncover the mechanism. METHODS T2DM mice model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and intrabitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The mice were grouped as follows: 1, control; 2, T2D; 3, T2D + tomatidine (5 mg/kg); 4, T2D + tomatidine (10 mg/kg); 5, T2D + tomatidine (20 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose was detected by glucose metre and fasting insulin was detected by the kit to determine the effect of Td on T2DM mice. ELISA, qPCR, and Immunoblot assays were performed to detect the effects of Td on the hepatic glucose homeostasis and inflammation of mice. Immunoblot assays further confirmed the mechanism. RESULTS Td improved blood glucose and insulin resistance in T2DM mice. In addition, Td improved liver function and lipid metabolism disorder in T2DM mice. Td also affected the liver glucose homeostasis related genes in T2DM mice. Td alleviated serum inflammation in T2DM mice. We further found that Td activated AMPK pathway, therefore ameliorating T2DM. CONCLUSION Td ameliorated HFD/STZ-induced T2DM in mice, suggesting that it could serve as a drug of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Baojian Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juping Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Santonocito D, Delli Carri M, Campisi A, Sposito G, Pellitteri R, Raciti G, Cardullo N, Aquino G, Basilicata MG, Pepe G, Pignatello R, Puglia C. Steroidal Alkaloids from Food Waste of Tomato Processing Inhibit Neuroblastoma Cell Viability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16915. [PMID: 38069237 PMCID: PMC10706926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is considerable attention toward the use of food waste from food processing as possible sources of compounds with health properties, such as anticancer activity. An example is tomato processing, which is responsible for generating a remarkable amount of waste (leaves, peel, seeds). Therefore, our goal was to evaluate the potential anticancer property of tomato extracts, in particular "Datterino" tomato (DT) and "Piccadilly" tomato (PT), and to study their phytochemical composition. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) results showed that these extracts are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, lipids, and terpenes. Furthermore, their potential anticancer activity was evaluated in vitro by MTT assay. In particular, the percentage of cell viability was assessed in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a particular glial cell type of the olfactory system, and in SH-SY5Y, a neuroblastoma cell line. All extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) did not lead to any significant change in the percentage of cell viability on OECs when compared with the control. Instead, in SH-SY5Y we observed a significant decrease in the percentage of cell viability, confirming their potential anticancer activity; this was more evident for the ethanolic extracts. In conclusion, tomato leaves extracts could be regarded as a valuable source of bioactive compounds, suitable for various applications in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Santonocito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Matteo Delli Carri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Agatina Campisi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Giovanni Sposito
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Raciti
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (M.D.C.); (G.A.); (M.G.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosario Pignatello
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.); (R.P.); (C.P.)
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Li S, Hao L, Hu X. Natural products target glycolysis in liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242955. [PMID: 37663261 PMCID: PMC10469892 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the occurrence and development of different liver diseases. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species are closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, forcing glycolysis to become the main source of energy metabolism of liver cells. Moreover, glycolysis is also enhanced to varying degrees in different liver diseases, especially in liver cancer. Therefore, targeting the glycolytic signaling pathway provides a new strategy for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis associated with liver cancer. Natural products regulate many steps of glycolysis, and targeting glycolysis with natural products is a promising cancer treatment. In this review, we have mainly illustrated the relationship between glycolysis and liver disease, natural products can work by targeting key enzymes in glycolysis and their associated proteins, so understanding how natural products regulate glycolysis can help clarify the therapeutic mechanisms these drugs use to inhibit liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Kozukue N, Kim DS, Choi SH, Mizuno M, Friedman M. Isomers of the Tomato Glycoalkaloids α-Tomatine and Dehydrotomatine: Relationship to Health Benefits. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083621. [PMID: 37110854 PMCID: PMC10142774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of three commercial tomatine samples and another isolated from green tomatoes revealed the presence of two small peaks in addition to those associated with the glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The present study investigated the possible structures of the compounds associated with the two small peaks using HPLC-mass spectrophotometric (MS) methods. Although the two peaks elute much earlier on chromatographic columns than the elution times of the known tomato glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine, isolation of the two compounds by preparative chromatography and subsequent analysis by MS shows the two compounds have identical molecular weights, tetrasaccharide side chains, and MS and MS/MS fragmentation patterns to dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. We suggest the two isolated compounds are isomeric forms of dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The analytical data indicate that widely used commercial tomatine preparations and those extracted from green tomatoes and tomato leaves consist of a mixture of α-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, an α-tomatine isomer, and a dehydrotomatine isomer in an approximate ratio of 81:15:4:1, respectively. The significance of the reported health benefits of tomatine and tomatidine is mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kozukue
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Service & Industry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-City 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Winkiel MJ, Chowański S, Słocińska M. Anticancer activity of glycoalkaloids from Solanum plants: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979451. [PMID: 36569285 PMCID: PMC9767987 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the main causes of death worldwide. For this reason, new compounds that have chemotherapeutic potential have been identified. One such group of substances is Solanaceae glycoalkaloids (GAs). They are natural compounds produced by plants widely used in traditional medicine for healing many disorders. Among others, GAs exhibit significant antitumor properties, for example, a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth. This activity can result in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, which can occur via different molecular pathways. The molecular mechanisms of the action of GAs are the subject of intensive research, as improved understanding could lead to the development of new cancer therapies. The genetic basis for the formation of neoplasms are mutations in protooncogenes, suppressors, and apoptosis-controlling and repair genes; therefore, substances with antineoplastic properties may affect the levels of their expression or the levels of their expression products. Therapeutic compounds can be applied separately or in combination with other drugs to increase the efficiency of cancer therapy; they can act on the cell through various mechanisms at different stages of carcinogenesis, inducing the process of apoptosis, blocking cell proliferation and migration, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This review summarizes the newest studies on the anticancer properties of solanine (SN), chaconine (CH), solasonine (SS), solamargine (SM), tomatine (TT) and their extracts from Solanum plants.
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Agrawal MY, Gaikwad S, Srivastava S, Srivastava SK. Research Trend and Detailed Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Food Bioactive Compounds against Cancer: A Comprehensive Review with Special Emphasis on Probiotics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225482. [PMID: 36428575 PMCID: PMC9688469 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to find a potential cure for cancer, scientists have been probing the efficacy of the food we eat and its bioactive components. Over the decades, there has been an exponentially increasing trend of research correlating food and cancer. This review explains the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive food components exhibit anticancer effects in several cancer models. These bioactive compounds are mainly plant based or microbiome based. While plants remain the primary source of these phytochemicals, little is known about probiotics, i.e., microbiome sources, and their relationships with cancer. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of probiotics are discussed in this review. The principal mode of cell death for most food bioactives is found to be apoptosis. Principal oncogenic signaling axes such as Akt/PI3K, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB seem to be modulated due to these bioactives along with certain novel targets that provide a platform for further oncogenic research. It has been observed that probiotics have an immunomodulatory effect leading to their chemopreventive actions. Various foods exhibit better efficacy as complete extracts than their individual phytochemicals, indicating an orchestrated effect of the food components. Combining bioactive agents with available chemotherapies helps synergize the anticancer action of both to overcome drug resistance. Novel techniques to deliver bioactive agents enhance their therapeutic response. Such combinations and novel approaches are also discussed in this review. Notably, most of the food components that have been studied for cancer have shown their efficacy in vivo. This bolsters the claims of these studies and, thus, provides us with hope of discovering anticancer agents in the food that we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Yogendra Agrawal
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Shreyas Gaikwad
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | | | - Sanjay K. Srivastava
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-325-696-0464; Fax: +1-325-676-3875
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