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Mahalak KK, Liu L, Bobokalonov J, Narrowe AB, Firrman J, Bittinger K, Hu W, Jones SM, Moustafa AM. Supplementation with soluble or insoluble rice-bran fibers increases short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria in the gut microbiota in vitro. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1304045. [PMID: 38798771 PMCID: PMC11116651 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1304045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies have shown that a diet high in fiber and prebiotics has a positive impact on human health due largely to the fermentation of these compounds by the gut microbiota. One underutilized source of fiber may be rice bran, a waste product of rice processing that is used most frequently as an additive to livestock feed but may be a good source of fibers and other phenolic compounds as a human diet supplement. Previous studies focused on specific compounds extracted from rice bran showed that soluble fibers extracted from rice bran can improve glucose response and reduce weight gain in mouse models. However, less is known about changes in the human gut microbiota in response to regular rice bran consumption. Methods In this study, we used a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecology (SHIME®) to cultivate the human gut microbiota of 3 different donors in conditions containing either soluble or insoluble fiber fractions from rice bran. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolomics via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, we explored how gut microbial communities developed provided different supplemental fiber sources. Results We found that insoluble and soluble fiber fractions increased short-chain fatty acid production, indicating that both fractions were fermented. However, there were differences in response between donors, for example the gut microbiota from donor 1 increased acetic acid production with both fiber types compared with control; whereas for donors 2 and 3, butanoic acid production increased with ISF and SF supplementation. Both soluble and insoluble rice bran fractions increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae taxa. Discussion Overall, analysis of the effect of soluble and insoluble rice bran fractions on the human in vitro gut microbiota and the metabolites produced revealed individually variant responses to these prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karley K. Mahalak
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - LinShu Liu
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Jamshed Bobokalonov
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
- V. I. Nikitin Institute of Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Adrienne B. Narrowe
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Jenni Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weiming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Basak S, Hridayanka KSN, Duttaroy AK. Bioactives and their roles in bone metabolism of osteoarthritis: evidence and mechanisms on gut-bone axis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1323233. [PMID: 38235147 PMCID: PMC10792057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactives significantly modify and maintain human health. Available data suggest that Bioactives might play a beneficial role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Although promised, defining their mechanisms and opting to weigh their benefits and limitations is imperative. Detailed mechanisms by which critical Bioactives, including probiotics and prebiotics such as dietary lipids (DHA, EPA, alpha LA), vitamin D, polysaccharides (fructooligosaccharide), polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, and capsaicin) potentially modulate inflammation and bone metabolism is limited. Certain dietary bioactive significantly impact the gut microbiota, immune system, and pain response via the gut-immune-bone axis. This narrative review highlights a recent update on mechanistic evidence that bioactive is demonstrated demonstrated to reduce osteoarthritis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kota Sri Naga Hridayanka
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Liu L, Mahalak KK, Bobokalonov JT, Narrowe AB, Firrman J, Lemons JMS, Bittinger K, Hu W, Jones SM, Moustafa AM. Impact of Ivermectin on the Gut Microbial Ecosystem. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16125. [PMID: 38003317 PMCID: PMC10671733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is a an anti-helminthic that is critical globally for both human and veterinary care. To the best of our knowledge, information available regarding the influence of ivermectin (IVM) on the gut microbiota has only been collected from diseased donors, who were treated with IVM alone or in combination with other medicines. Results thus obtained were influenced by multiple elements beyond IVM, such as disease, and other medical treatments. The research presented here investigated the impact of IVM on the gut microbial structure established in a Triple-SHIME® (simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem), using fecal material from three healthy adults. The microbial communities were grown using three different culture media: standard SHIME media and SHIME media with either soluble or insoluble fiber added (control, SF, ISF). IVM introduced minor and temporary changes to the gut microbial community in terms of composition and metabolite production, as revealed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis, flow cytometry, and GC-MS. Thus, it was concluded that IVM is not expected to induce dysbiosis or yield adverse effects if administered to healthy adults. In addition, the donor's starting community influences the relationship between IVM and the gut microbiome, and the soluble fiber component in feed could protect the gut microbiota from IVM; an increase in short-chain fatty acid production was predicted by PICRUSt2 and detected with IVM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- LinShu Liu
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Karley K. Mahalak
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Jamshed T. Bobokalonov
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Adrienne B. Narrowe
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Jenni Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Johanna M. S. Lemons
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weiming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang MQ, Jia X, Cheng CQ, Wang YX, Li YY, Kong LD, Li QQ, Xie F, Yu YL, He YT, Dong QT, Jia ZH, Wang Y, Xu AL. Capsaicin functions as a selective degrader of STAT3 to enhance host resistance to viral infection. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2253-2264. [PMID: 37311796 PMCID: PMC10618195 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although STAT3 has been reported as a negative regulator of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, the effects of pharmacologically inhibiting STAT3 on innate antiviral immunity are not well known. Capsaicin, approved for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and diabetic peripheral nerve pain, is an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), with additional recognized potencies in anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. We investigated the effects of capsaicin on viral replication and innate antiviral immune response and discovered that capsaicin dose-dependently inhibited the replication of VSV, EMCV, and H1N1. In VSV-infected mice, pretreatment with capsaicin improved the survival rate and suppressed inflammatory responses accompanied by attenuated VSV replication in the liver, lung, and spleen. The inhibition of viral replication by capsaicin was independent of TRPV1 and occurred mainly at postviral entry steps. We further revealed that capsaicin directly bound to STAT3 protein and selectively promoted its lysosomal degradation. As a result, the negative regulation of STAT3 on the type I IFN response was attenuated, and host resistance to viral infection was enhanced. Our results suggest that capsaicin is a promising small-molecule drug candidate, and offer a feasible pharmacological strategy for strengthening host resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cui-Qin Cheng
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu-Xi Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yi-Ying Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Xie
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yan-Li Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu-Ting He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiu-Tong Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhan-Hong Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Efficacy and Mechanism on Chinese Medicine for Metabolic Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - An-Long Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Efficacy and Mechanism on Chinese Medicine for Metabolic Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Silva JL, Santos EA, Alvarez-Leite JI. Are We Ready to Recommend Capsaicin for Disorders Other Than Neuropathic Pain? Nutrients 2023; 15:4469. [PMID: 37892544 PMCID: PMC10609899 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin, a lipophilic, volatile compound, is responsible for the pungent properties of chili peppers. In recent years, a significant increase in investigations into its properties has allowed the production of new formulations and the development of tools with biotechnological, diagnostic, and potential therapeutic applications. Most of these studies show beneficial effects, improving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status, inducing thermogenesis, and reducing white adipose tissue. Other mechanisms, including reducing food intake and improving intestinal dysbiosis, are also described. In this way, the possible clinical application of such compound is expanding every year. This opinion article aims to provide a synthesis of recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which capsaicin participates in the control of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30161-970, MG, Brazil; (J.L.S.); (E.A.S.)
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Zhu JY, Ni XS, Han XY, Liu S, Ji YK, Yao J, Yan B. Metabolomic profiling of a neurodegenerative retina following optic nerve transection. Mol Med Rep 2023; 28:178. [PMID: 37539744 PMCID: PMC10433715 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) often causes irreversible vision impairment. Prevention of RGC degeneration can prevent or delay the deterioration of visual function. The present study aimed to investigate retinal metabolic profiles following optic nerve transection (ONT) injury and identify the potential metabolic targets for the prevention of RGC degeneration. Retinal samples were dissected from ONT group and non‑ONT group. The untargeted metabolomics were carried out using liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry. The involved pathways and biomarkers were analyzed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and MetaboAnalyst 5.0. In the ONT group, 689 disparate metabolites were detected, including lipids and lipid‑like molecules. A total of 122 metabolites were successfully annotated and enriched in 50 KEGG pathways. Among them, 'sphingolipid metabolism' and 'primary bile acid biosynthesis' were identified involved in RGC degeneration. A total of five metabolites were selected as the candidate biomarkers for detecting RGC degeneration with an AUC value of 1. The present study revealed that lipid‑related metabolism was involved in the pathogenesis of retinal neurodegeneration. Taurine, taurochenodesoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid (TCA), sphingosine, and galabiosylceramide are shown as the promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of RGC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Sen Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Han
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ke Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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Shi Q, Tang H, Mei Y, Chen J, Wang X, Liu B, Cai Y, Zhao N, Yang M, Li H. Effects of endogenous capsaicin stress and fermentation time on the microbial succession and flavor compounds of chili paste (a Chinese fermented chili pepper). Food Res Int 2023; 168:112763. [PMID: 37120214 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chili paste, is a popular traditional product derived from chili pepper, and its fermentation system is affected by the variable concentration of capsaicin, which originates from the peppers. In the present study, the effects of capsaicin and fermentation time on the microbial community and flavor compounds of chili paste were investigated. After capsaicin supplementation, the total acid was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) along with lower total bacteria, especially lactic acid bacteria. Lactiplantibacillus, Lactobacillus, Weissella, Issatchenkia, Trichoderma, and Pichia were the shared and predominant genera; whereas, the Bacteroides and Kazachstania abundance was significantly increased due to the selection effect of capsaicin over time. Additionally, alterations of the microbial interaction networks and their metabolic preferences led to less lactic acid content with greater accumulation of ethyl nonanoate, methyl nonanoate, etc. This study will provide a perspective for selecting chili pepper varieties and improving the quality of fermented chili paste.
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Modulation of the Gut Microbiota Structure and Function by Two Structurally Different Lemon Pectins. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233877. [PMID: 36496685 PMCID: PMC9739951 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectins are plant polysaccharides consumed as part of a diet containing fruits and vegetables. Inside the gastrointestinal tract, pectin cannot be metabolized by the mammalian cells but is fermented by the gut microbiota in the colon with the subsequent release of end products including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The prebiotic effects of pectin have been previously evaluated but reports are inconsistent, most likely due to differences in the pectin chemical structure which can vary by molecular weight (MW) and degree of esterification (DE). Here, the effects of two different MW lemon pectins with varying DEs on the gut microbiota of two donors were evaluated in vitro. The results demonstrated that low MW, high DE lemon pectin (LMW-HDE) altered community structure in a donor-dependent manner, whereas high MW, low DE lemon pectin (HMW-LDE) increased taxa within Lachnospiraceae in both donors. LMW-HDE and HMW-LDE lemon pectins both increased total SCFAs (1.49- and 1.46-fold, respectively) and increased acetic acid by 1.64-fold. Additionally, LMW-HDE lemon pectin led to an average 1.41-fold increase in butanoic acid. Together, these data provide valuable information linking chemical structure of pectin to its effect on the gut microbiota structure and function, which is important to understanding its prebiotic potential.
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Law SK, Wang Y, Lu X, Au DCT, Chow WYL, Leung AWN, Xu C. Chinese medicinal herbs as potential prodrugs for obesity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016004. [PMID: 36263142 PMCID: PMC9573959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading worldwide health threat with ever-growing prevalence, it promotes the incidence of various diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used to control body weight and treat obesity for thousands of years, Chinese medicinal herbs provide a rich natural source of effective agents against obesity. However, some problems such as complex active ingredients, poor quality control, and unclear therapeutic mechanisms still need to be investigated and resolved. Prodrugs provide a path forward to overcome TCM deficiencies such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties, and toxicity. This article aimed to review the possible prodrugs from various medicinal plants that demonstrate beneficial effects on obesity and seek to offer insights on prodrug design as well as a solution to the global obesity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kan Law
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinchen Lu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dawn Ching Tung Au
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wesley Yeuk Lung Chow
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chuanshan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanshan Xu,
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