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Hileti D, Kokkinos M. Factors impacting complementary feeding advice given by paediatricians in Cyprus. Eur J Public Health 2024; 34:511-516. [PMID: 38396224 PMCID: PMC11161150 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary feeding has long-term effects on health but there is heterogeneity in recommendations across Europe. Recommendations include responsive feeding practices and nutritional needs but there is a debate in primary paediatricians as to which one should be the main criterion for complementary feeding. This pilot study investigated (i) the factors affecting the recommendations of paediatricians in Cyprus for starting complementary feeding, (ii) whether their main criterion is the developmental readiness or the nutritional needs of the infant and (iii) how this priority influences recommendations. METHODS The 11-item questionnaire was completed by 73 Cypriot paediatricians. RESULTS Approximately 66% of paediatricians recommended starting complementary feeding between 5 and 6 months, 29% between 4 and 5 and 3% between 6 and 7 months. Predefined schemes were recommended by ∼25% of paediatricians, baby-led weaning by 14% and 58% of paediatricians recommended either modality depending on the family circumstances whilst 4% involve the mother in the decision process. Approximately 64% of paediatricians recommended the introduction of parent's diet after the first year of life. Approximately 55% of paediatricians chose developmental readiness and 45% nutritional needs of the infant as their primary criterion for starting complementary feeding. Paediatricians who prioritized developmental readiness were more likely to be younger, less likely to advice on meat quantity and less likely to follow good nutritional practice. CONCLUSIONS The younger the paediatrician the more likely they are to prioritize developmental readiness over nutritional needs of the infant for complementary feeding. Paediatricians who prioritized developmental readiness were also less likely to provide nutritional advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona Hileti
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Markianos Kokkinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Prejbisz A, Donnaloja F, Dobrowolski P, Tettamanti A, Januszewicz A, Zoghi M, Ferri C. Physicians' attitudes toward beta-blockers for the treatment of hypertension in Italy, Poland, and Turkey. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2024; 26:624-634. [PMID: 38750668 PMCID: PMC11180681 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in understanding the complex pathophysiology, hypertension remains a serious public health challenge affecting over 1.2 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide. Appropriate knowledge of the different pharmaceutical classes of antihypertensive agents and an understanding of the characteristics of individual molecules are essential to optimize clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension. We conducted a computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) quantitative survey in Italy, Poland, and Turkey to investigate physicians' prescriptions, knowledge, and perceptions of antihypertensive drugs with a focus on β-blockers, to assess antihypertensive usage patterns and the reasons underlying prescription choices. The survey findings show that β-blockers retain a pivotal role in the management of hypertension and are prescribed more often for patients with cardiovascular comorbidities than for patients with diabetic comorbidities. In all three countries, nebivolol is the only β-blocker among the ones analyzed which is consistently prescribed to 20% or more of patients and is overall the most prescribed one for the population with comorbid diabetes. In terms of specific β-blockers' features, this study revealed knowledge gaps that underline the need for educational activities focused on the differences among β-blockers, which are important in choosing the most suitable agent for individualized antihypertensive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Prejbisz
- Department of EpidemiologyCardiovascular Prevention and Health PromotionNational Institute of CardiologyWarsawPoland
| | | | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of EpidemiologyCardiovascular Prevention and Health PromotionNational Institute of CardiologyWarsawPoland
| | | | | | - Mehdi Zoghi
- Department of CardiologyEge University Faculty of MedicineİzmirTurkey
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Vassilopoulou E, Feketea G, Pagkalos I, Rallis D, Milani GP, Agostoni C, Douladiris N, Lakoumentas J, Stefanaki E, Efthymiou Z, Tsabouri S. Complementary Feeding Practices: Recommendations of Pediatricians for Infants with and without Allergy Risk. Nutrients 2024; 16:239. [PMID: 38257132 PMCID: PMC10819658 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the routine guidance provided by pediatricians concerning the timing of complementary feeding (CF) for both healthy infants and those at a heightened risk of allergies. METHODS A total of 233 pediatricians participated in an anonymous online survey that included questions about demographics and recommendations for CF. Specifically, they provided guidance on the types of foods, preparation methods, supplements, time intervals for introducing new foods to infants at low and high allergy risk, and delayed food introductions for high-risk cases. RESULTS The respondents advised introducing certain foods at specific ages: fruits, starchy non-gluten grains, vegetables, olive oil, and meat were appropriate at 6 months; gluten-rich grains at 7 months; yogurt, hard-boiled eggs, and legumes at 8 months; fish at 8.5 months; and nuts at 9 months. Pediatricians, especially those with less than 15 years of practice, often introduced egg, seafood, gluten-rich grains, legumes, and nuts earlier for high-risk infants. Parenthood and male gender were associated with the earlier introduction of eggs and grains. CONCLUSIONS Greek pediatricians follow a structured food introduction schedule for CF in infants. Interestingly, they tend to delay the introduction of common food allergens and recommend longer intervals between introducing new foods, particularly for high-risk infants. Key Notes: Despite recent evidence-based indications on healthy complementary feeding strategies for infants, discrepancies persist among pediatricians regarding food choices and the order and timing of food introduction, both for healthy infants and those at risk of allergy. Guidance on complementary feeding by pediatricians is influenced by their individual characteristics. Pediatricians tend to delay the introduction of common food allergens and recommend longer intervals between introducing new foods, particularly for high-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (I.P.); (J.L.); (Z.E.)
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Gavriela Feketea
- Department of Pediatrics, “Karamandaneio” Children’s Hospital of Patra, 26331 Patras, Greece
- Department of Pharmacology, “luliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioannis Pagkalos
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (I.P.); (J.L.); (Z.E.)
| | - Dimitrios Rallis
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.P.M.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Douladiris
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - John Lakoumentas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (I.P.); (J.L.); (Z.E.)
| | - Evangelia Stefanaki
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Heraklion, Venizeleio and Pananio, 71409 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Zenon Efthymiou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.V.); (I.P.); (J.L.); (Z.E.)
| | - Sophia Tsabouri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.R.); (S.T.)
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Białek-Dratwa A, Kowalski O. Complementary Feeding Methods, Feeding Problems, Food Neophobia, and Picky Eating among Polish Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:45. [PMID: 38255359 PMCID: PMC10814245 DOI: 10.3390/children11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Proper nutrition during the first period of life is primarily related to meeting energy needs and providing essential nutrients that ensure the infant's normal physical and psychomotor development. Improper nutrition during this period, inadequate amounts of nutrients, inappropriate timing and manner of introduction of individual foods, can permanently alter metabolism and the course of physiological processes, increasing the risk of diseases such as obesity, allergic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to verify how the method of complementary feeding influences the occurrence of food neophobia between 2 and 7 years of age, as well as to assess the different nutritional aspects resulting from the process of starting feeding other than breast milk and milk formula. In this study, 490 mothers and their children aged 2-7 years participated. The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of a child's dietary assessment and standardized questionnaires assessing food neophobia among children: Food Neophobia Scale for Children (FNSC) and the Montreal Children's Hospital-Pediatric Feeding (MCH-FS). In the study group of children, 238 (48.57%) had no Baby-Led Weaning Method (no BLW) method used during complementary feeding (CF), and 252 (51.42%) children used Baby-Led Weaning Method (BLW). According to the FNSC questionnaire, a high risk of food neophobia was found in 32.65% of the children studied and a medium risk in 39.80%. The medium risk of feeding problem occured in 11.63% of children, the high risk in 6.73% of children, and the highest risk in 6.94% (MCH-FS). No statistically significant differences were observed between the BLW and NoBLW groups. High risk of food neophobia occured in 1/3 of the children studied, but there was no relationship in the study group between the mode of CF (BLW/NoBLW) and the risk of food neophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Costa ADS, Palomino ALM, Suzuki I, Garcia RG, Scordamaglio PR, Gregorio MG, Oliveira FND, Gonçalves MEP, Jacomelli M. Analysis of 108 flexible bronchoscopies for the removal of foreign bodies from the airways. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2023; 21:eAO0391. [PMID: 38126657 PMCID: PMC10730257 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023ao0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, bronchoscopic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects between children and adults. METHODS This retrospective study compared the clinical and bronchoscopic characteristics of adults and children who underwent bronchoscopy for suspected foreign body aspiration. Data on sex, outpatient or emergency origin, bronchoscopy results, characteristics of the aspirated foreign body, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 108 patients were included in the analysis, with foreign body aspiration diagnosed in 69% of patients (30 children and 44 adults). In 91% of patients, there was a clinical history suggestive of aspiration. The mean age of the adults was 65.89 (±19.75) years, and that of the children was 2.28 (±1.78) years. Most of the children were under 3 years of age (80%), while adults were mostly 70 years of age or older (54.5%). Emergency care was more common among children than adults. The most common foreign bodies found in both age groups were organic bodies, primarily seeds. The most frequent locations of foreign bodies were the lobar bronchi in adults and the main bronchi in children. Flexible bronchoscopy is the primary method for diagnosis and treatment. Transient hypoxemia occurred particularly frequently in children (5%). CONCLUSION Foreign body aspiration, particularly that involving seeds, is more common in the extremes of age. A clinical history suggestive of aspiration is crucial in determining the need for bronchoscopy, which should be performed as early as possible. Flexible bronchoscopy is an effective and safe diagnostic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altair da Silva Costa
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | - Addy Lidvina Mejia Palomino
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | - Iunis Suzuki
- A.C.Camargo Cancer CenterSão PauloSPBrazil
A.C.Camargo Cancer Center
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | - Rodrigo Gobbo Garcia
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | - Paulo Rogerio Scordamaglio
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | - Marcelo Gervilla Gregorio
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
| | | | | | - Marcia Jacomelli
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
,
São Paulo
,
SP
,
Brazil
.
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Song G, Chang J, Guan H, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Zhang Z. Professional Feeding Guidance Improved Infants' Self-Feeding Proportion during Complementary Foods Introduction in Beijing, China: An Exploratory Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1740. [PMID: 38002831 PMCID: PMC10670357 DOI: 10.3390/children10111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
An exploratory study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of infants' feeding patterns in Beijing, China, as well as the factors linked to infants' self-feeding proportion during the introduction of complementary foods, and the impact of professional feeding guidance on this proportion. A total of 122 families with infants aged 6-11 months from Beijing were included in the study. A descriptive analysis was employed to assess the prevalence of infants' feeding patterns, while generalized linear model analysis was utilized to investigate the factors associated with these patterns. All families were provided with comprehensive and personalized professional guidance regarding the introduction of complementary foods for infants. However, 64 families were lost to follow-up, leaving 58 families who were re-evaluated and queried after one month. To exclude the influence of infants aging, both the 64 families prior to receiving feeding guidance, and the 58 families after receiving feeding guidance, were included in the analysis. The families with infants aged 6-8 months and 9-11 months were compared separately based on the presence or absence of feeding guidance. Statistical tests, including the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and χ2 test, were conducted to assess any significant differences. The study revealed that the proportion of infants engaging in self-feeding was found to be remarkably low (10% [0%, 40%]). Furthermore, a significant positive association was observed between the proportion of infants engaging in self-feeding and their age (p < 0.001). Notably, after receiving professional feeding guidance, the proportion of infants engaging in self-feeding significantly increased (from 1% [0%, 20%] to 30% [10%, 50%], p < 0.001 for infants aged 6-8 months; from 20% [10%, 50%] to 40% [30%, 50%], p < 0.001 for infants aged 9-11 months). These findings contribute valuable insights for improving postnatal care practices during the introduction of complementary foods for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Song
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100020, China;
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Beijing 100020, China; (J.C.); (H.G.)
| | - Jiahui Chang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Beijing 100020, China; (J.C.); (H.G.)
- Children’s Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hongyan Guan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Beijing 100020, China; (J.C.); (H.G.)
- Nurturing Care Research and Guidance Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Early Childhood Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Ting Zhang
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics-Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing 100020, China;
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Beijing 100020, China; (J.C.); (H.G.)
- Children’s Hospital Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing’s Key Laboratory of Food Safety Toxicology Research and Evaluation, Beijing 100191, China
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Complementary Feeding Methods: Associations with Feeding and Emotional Responsiveness. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030464. [PMID: 36980022 PMCID: PMC10047322 DOI: 10.3390/children10030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Learning to eat complementary foods is a crucial milestone for infants, having implications across development. The most used method for introducing complementary foods is Traditional Spoon-Feeding (TSF). However, the alternative method Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) is increasingly becoming used as it has been associated with positive outcomes. Research analyzing associations between complementary feeding methods and responsive parenting is practically non-existent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze differences in emotional and feeding responsiveness between caregivers who previously implemented traditional vs. non-traditional feeding approaches. Caregivers (mostly mothers) of 179 children between 3 and 5 years were asked about the complementary feeding method that they had followed previously (70.4% reported using the TSF, 16.8% said they used the BLW and 12.8% used both methods simultaneously). In addition, they reported on their feeding practices using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire and on their responses to children’s distress using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. The results showed that parents who reported using a non-traditional (BLW or both) complementary feeding method reported less pressure to eat and minimization of reactions to children’s negative emotions, compared to parents who used a traditional method (although these reported using more problem-focused reactions). The findings suggest that complementary feeding methods and responsive parenting may be linked, leaving the question of which one sets the stage for the other.
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Micronutrient Profile and Carbohydrate Microstructure of Commercially Prepared and Home Prepared Infant Fruit and Vegetable Purees. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010045. [PMID: 36615703 PMCID: PMC9823441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large variability exists in ingredient selection and preparation of home prepared infant purees and there is a lack of data on nutritional quality in comparison to commercially prepared purees. This work had two aims. Study 1 compared the nutritional value of commercially prepared and home prepared infant purees. Food profiles from national food composition databases were used as a proxy for home prepared puree and served as the benchmark for the commercially prepared infant purees. Study 2 focused on a subset of produce that underwent molecular weight analysis to determine differences in carbohydrate profiles. Eighty-eight percent of the measurable micronutrients fell within or above the home prepared norm range with micronutrients falling below the range explained by differences in soil and growing conditions. Physicochemical characterization showed similar carbohydrate profiles with >90% of the carbohydrate fraction in the water extract constituted by low molecular weight sugars for purees produced with home preparation and commercial preparation. The estimated glycemic load (eGL) showed comparable potential impact on blood sugar levels with all purees having a low eGL (<10 glucose equivalent). In conclusion, these data suggest that both preparations provide similar micronutrient density and carbohydrate profiles.
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Białek-Dratwa A, Kowalski O, Szczepańska E. Traditional complementary feeding or BLW (Baby Led Weaning) method? - A cross-sectional study of Polish infants during complementary feeding. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:992244. [PMID: 36340726 PMCID: PMC9634407 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.992244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Baby-led weaning (BLW) is an increasingly well-known method of complementary feeding for infants. The BLW method is based on the fact that the baby becomes physically ready to eat on its own and can henceforth effectively supplement its diet, which was previously based on breast milk or formula milk. The aim of the study was to compare complementary feeding among mothers using and not using the BLW method. The study took into account, among other things, the frequency of spoon feeding, eating from the family table, and eating meals with a pulpy consistency. The study also determined the frequency of the risk of choking/gagging, food regurgitation or the occurrence of vomiting during a meal in the study groups. Material and method: a cross-sectional survey was conducted among mothers of children from 6 months to 36 months of age residing throughout Poland. RESULTS The study group was divided into three subgroups: mothers using BLW (M-BLW), mothers not familiar with the BLW method (M-NoBLW)), mothers not using the BLW method - mothers using the spoon-feeding method) (M-TS). Among the mothers surveyed, 413 women (63.93%) used the BLW method, 222 mothers (34.36%) did not use the BLW method of which 50 (7.73%) of these were unfamiliar with the method, and 172 (26.62%) simply did not use it. Among M-TS mothers, the child was most often entirely or mostly spoon-fed by an adult (73.84%), and the same was true for the M-NoBLW group (70.0%). In the M-BLW group, 58.60% of children were half-fed by an adult with a spoon. half ate independently. CONCLUSIONS Infants fed by the BLW method were more likely to have their diets expanded after 6 months of age, they were also more likely to be given products from the family table than children fed traditionally with a spoon. Full BLW was implemented by only 29% of children in the BLW group. The vomiting reflex, spitting food out of the mouth, and gagging, were more common among children fed by the BLW method. In contrast, choking occurred comparably often in both groups - in 5.4% of spoon-fed children and 6.9% of BLW-fed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szczepańska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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