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Wang R, Lv X, Xu W, Li X, Tang X, Huang H, Yang M, Ma S, Wang N, Niu Y. Effects of the periodic fasting-mimicking diet on health, lifespan, and multiple diseases: a narrative review and clinical implications. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae003. [PMID: 38287649 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction and fasting have been recognized for their beneficial effects on health and lifespan and their potential application in managing chronic metabolic diseases. However, long-term adherence to strict dietary restrictions and prolonged fasting poses challenges for most individuals and may lead to unhealthy rebound eating habits, negatively affecting overall health. As a result, a periodic fasting-mimicking diet (PFMD), involving cycles of fasting for 2 or more days while ensuring basic nutritional needs are met within a restricted caloric intake, has gained widespread acceptance. Current research indicates that a PFMD can promote stem cell regeneration, suppress inflammation, extend the health span of rodents, and improve metabolic health, among other effects. In various disease populations such as patients with diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, a PFMD has shown efficacy in alleviating disease symptoms and improving relevant markers. After conducting an extensive analysis of available research on the PFMD, it is evident that its advantages and potential applications are comparable to other fasting methods. Consequently, it is proposed in this review that a PFMD has the potential to fully replace water-only or very-low-energy fasting regimens and holds promise for application across multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohua Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenyu Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuanfeng Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengxia Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuran Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yucun Niu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
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Sang X, Li S, Guo R, Yan Q, Liu C, Zhang Y, Lv Q, Wu L, Ma J, You W, Feng L, Sun W. Dynamics and ecological reassembly of the human gut microbiome and the host metabolome in response to prolonged fasting. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265425. [PMID: 37854337 PMCID: PMC10579591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prolonged fasting is an intervention approach with potential benefits for individuals with obesity or metabolic disorders. Changes in gut microbiota during and after fasting may also have significant effects on the human body. Methods Here we conducted a 7-days medically supervised water-only fasting for 46 obese volunteers and characterized their gut microbiota based on whole-metagenome sequencing of feces at five timepoints. Results Substantial changes in the gut microbial diversity and composition were observed during fasting, with rapid restoration after fasting. The ecological pattern of the microbiota was also reassembled during fasting, reflecting the reduced metabolic capacity of diet-derived carbohydrates, while other metabolic abilities such as degradation of glycoproteins, amino acids, lipids, and organic acid metabolism, were enhanced. We identified a group of species that responded significantly to fasting, including 130 fasting-resistant (consisting of a variety of members of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria) and 140 fasting-sensitive bacteria (mainly consisting of Firmicutes members). Functional comparison of the fasting-responded bacteria untangled the associations of taxon-specific functions (e.g., pentose phosphate pathway modules, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and folate biosynthesis) with fasting. Furthermore, we found that the serum and urine metabolomes of individuals were also substantially changed across the fasting procedure, and particularly, these changes were largely affected by the fasting-responded bacteria in the gut microbiota. Discussion Overall, our findings delineated the patterns of gut microbiota alterations under prolonged fasting, which will boost future mechanistic and clinical intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Sang
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qiulong Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Changxi Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei You
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Zečević K, Popović N, Vuksanović Božarić A, Vukmirović M, Rizzo M, Muzurović E. Timing Is Important-Management of Metabolic Syndrome According to the Circadian Rhythm. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041171. [PMID: 37189789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes occur in accordance with a rhythm regulated by the endogenous biological clock. This clock is programmed at the molecular level and synchronized with the daily light-dark cycle, as well as activities such as feeding, exercise, and social interactions. It consists of the core clock genes, Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Protein Kaput (CLOCK) and Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1 (BMAL1), and their products, the period (PER) and cryptochrome (CRY) proteins, as well as an interlocked feedback loop which includes reverse-strand avian erythroblastic leukemia (ERBA) oncogene receptors (REV-ERBs) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptors (RORs). These genes are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways and hormone release. Therefore, circadian rhythm disruption leads to development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS refers to a cluster of risk factors (RFs), which are not only associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), but also with increased all-cause mortality. In this review, we consider the importance of the circadian rhythm in the regulation of metabolic processes, the significance of circadian misalignment in the pathogenesis of MetS, and the management of MetS in relation to the cellular molecular clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Zečević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Nataša Popović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | - Mihailo Vukmirović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Promise Department, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Emir Muzurović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
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