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Kim I, Chhetri G, So Y, Park S, Jung Y, Woo H, Seo T. Mesorhizobium liriopis sp. nov., isolated from the fermented fruit of Liriope platyphylla a medicinal plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37801075 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A facultative anaerobic and Gram-negative strain, designated RP14T, was isolated from the fruit of Liriope platyphylla fermented for 60 days at 25°C. Strain RP14T showed 98.0 % 16S rRNA similarity to Mesorhizobium huakuii IFO 15243T, but in the phylogenetic tree, Mesorhizobium terrae NIBRBAC000500504T was its closest neighbour. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain RP14T and 15 genomes of type strains of Mesorhizobium, were 73.8-74.4% and 16.4-20.2 %, respectively, which were lower than the recommended thresholds for species delineation. The strain grew at 25-32°C (optimum, 28°C), at pH 7.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 9.0) and with 0-2% NaCl (optimum, 0 %; w/v). Cells of strain RP14T were catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped and formed yellow-coloured colonies. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acid were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The DNA G+C content was 62.8 mol%. Based on polyphasic evidence, we propose Mesorhizobium liriopis sp. nov as a novel species within the genus Mesorhizobium. The type strain is RP14T (=KACC 22720T=TBRC 16341T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhyup Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Geeta Chhetri
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Jung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Woo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
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Lei F, Weckerle CS, Heinrich M. Liriopogons (Genera Ophiopogon and Liriope, Asparagaceae): A Critical Review of the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769929. [PMID: 34925027 PMCID: PMC8678496 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The closely related genera Liriope and Ophiopogon (Asparagaceae), collectively known in English as liriopogons, have similar therapeutic uses in treating cough, rheumatoid arthritis, and cleaning heat. The main aim of this review is to understand the current phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge including an assessment of the quality of the scientific evidence. A literature search was conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, by retrieving available information up to 2020 from five online resources. The bioactive metabolites of liriopogons include steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, organic acids, phenols. Cardiovascular protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-viral, anti-acute myeloid leukemia and hepatoprotective effects have been at the center of attention. From a toxicological perspective Ophiopogon japonicus seems to be safe. Some problems with the quality of the pharmacological evidence stand out including the application of excessive dose level and methodological problems in the design. Additionally, a reasonable link between local/traditional uses and pharmacological assessment is often vague or not reflected in the text. Future researches on liriopogons are required to use rigorous scientific approaches in research on evidence-based natural products for the future benefits of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Lei
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline S Weckerle
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group 'Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy', UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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A Combination Extract of Gardeniae Fructus and Perillae Folium Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages via an ER Stress-Induced CHOP Pathway. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a combination extract of Gardeniae Fructus and Perillae Folium (GP) on inflammatory reactions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 cells. Multiplex cytokine assay, Fluo-4 calcium assay, Flow cytometry assay for phospho-P38 MAPK, and quantitative PCR were carried out. GP significantly reduced LPS-induced productions of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) and release of intracellular calcium in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. GP also significantly inhibited P38 MAPK phosphorylation and mRNA levels of Chop, Camk2a, Stat1, Stat3, Jak2, Fas, Nos2, and Ptgs2 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, this study represents that GP exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells via ER stress-induced CHOP pathway.
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Berberine modulates hyper-inflammation in mouse macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid via calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11298. [PMID: 34050236 PMCID: PMC8163795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine is a well-known quaternary ammonium salt that is usually found in the roots of such plants as Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis. However, the effects of berberine on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages have not been fully reported. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of berberine on dsRNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; poly I:C]-induced macrophages. Levels of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas; CD95), cytokines, intracellular calcium, phosphorylated I-kappa-B-alpha (IkB-α), phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated signal transducer and activated transcription 3 (STAT3), and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were evaluated. Berberine significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 as well as calcium release in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Berberine also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, IkB-α, and STAT3 in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, berberine significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of Chop (GADD153), Stat1, Stat3, and Fas in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, berberine has anti-inflammatory properties related to its inhibition of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway.
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Diospyrin Modulates Inflammation in Poly I:C-Induced Macrophages via ER Stress-Induced Calcium-CHOP Pathway. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diospyrin, plant-derived bisnaphthoquinonoid, is known to have anticancer activity. However, pharmacological activity of diospyrin on viral infection is not well known. We investigated effects of diospyrin on macrophages induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a mimic of double-stranded viral RNA. Various cytokines, intracellular calcium, nitric oxide (NO), phosphorylated p38 MAPK, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 as well as mRNA expressions of transcription factors were evaluated. Diospyrin significantly reduced NO production, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production, and intracellular calcium release in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 was also significantly suppressed. Additionally, diospyrin inhibited mRNA levels of nitric oxide synthase 2, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha, signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, STAT4, Janus kinase 2, first apoptosis signal receptor, c-Jun, and c-Fos in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7. Taken together, this study represents that diospyrin might have the inhibitory activity against viral inflammation such as excessive production of inflammatory mediators in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 via ER stress-induced calcium-CHOP pathway.
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Zhang JJ, Zhu L, Zhang X, Zhou J. Photosynthetic performance and growth responses of Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey (Asparagaceae) planted within poplar forests having different canopy densities. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:25. [PMID: 32354363 PMCID: PMC7191787 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey is a valuable horticultural and medicinal plant that grows under a range of light intensities, from high to low, in the understories of shrubs. To understand how this species adapts to these various environments, we selected two groups of lilyturf growing under poplar trees at two different spacings. Each group was divided into three types, open field, forest edge and shaded forest with high, medium and low irradiance levels, respectively, and then we examined their photosynthetic characteristics, physiology and biomasses. Results Light saturation point, light compensation point and in situ net photosynthetic rate (PN) were highest in lilyturf growing under high light. In contrast, lilyturf growing under low light had a higher apparent quantum yield and Chl a and b contents, indicating that they adapted to low light. Although the leaves of lilyturf growing under low light were small, their root tubers were heavier. Conclusions The research demonstrates the eco-physiological basis of lilyturf’s shade adaptation mechanism as indicated by photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, Chl a, Chl b and Car contents when grown under different irradiances. We believe that lilyturf is a shade-tolerant plant suitable for planting in undergrowth, but attention should be paid to the canopy density of the forest when interplanting. The findings presented here advance our understanding of the photosynthetic characteristics of understory plants and may assist in the optimization of irradiances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - L Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - X Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - J Zhou
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Topical Application of Liriope platyphylla Extract Attenuates Dry Eye Syndrome Induced by Particulate Matter. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:1429548. [PMID: 31915539 PMCID: PMC6931024 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1429548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollutant that poses a risk to human health. In the ocular system, PM causes or aggravates dry eye syndrome (DES) by damaging the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Liriope platyphylla has been used traditionally as an expectorant, antitussive agent, and tonic in Korea. However, the effects of Liriope platyphylla extract (LPE) on PM-induced ocular damage have not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo protective effect of LPE against PM-induced DES in rats. Topical administration of LPE attenuated the PM-induced decrease in tear volume and reduced corneal epithelial irregularity and damage. LPE also protected against PM-induced disruption of the corneal mucin-4 layer and reduction in the conjunctival goblet cell density. These findings suggest that LPE has protective effects against PM-induced DES.
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Water Extract on RAW 264.7 Induced with Lipopolysaccharide. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050647. [PMID: 29883374 PMCID: PMC5986526 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The dry root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, also known as “female ginseng”, is a popular herbal drug amongst women, used to treat a variety of health issues and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the detailed molecular mechanism for anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica sinensis root water extract (ASW). The anti-inflammatory effect of ASW on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was evaluated by the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT), Griess reagent assay, multiplex cytokine assay, real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Fluo-4 calcium assay. ASW restored cell viability in RAW 264.7 at concentrations of up to 200 µg/mL. ASW showed notable anti-inflammatory effects. ASW exhibited IC50 = 954.3, 387.3, 191.7, 317.8, 1267.0, 347.0, 110.1, 573.6, 1171.0, 732.6, 980.8, 125.0, and 257.0 µg/mL for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic activating factor (MCP)-1, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, IL-10, and intracellular calcium, respectively. Additionally, ASW inhibited the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and the LPS-induced mRNA expression of CHOP (GADD153), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1), first apoptosis signal receptor (FAS), and c-Fos, NOS2, and PTGS2 (COX2) in RAW 264.7 significantly (p < 0.05). Data suggest that ASW exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 via NO-bursting/calcium-mediated JAK-STAT pathway.
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Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Kang MS, Park W. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Baicalein on Polyinosinic⁻Polycytidylic Acid-Induced RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050224. [PMID: 29701676 PMCID: PMC5977217 DOI: 10.3390/v10050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (3,3′,4′,5,6-pentahydroxyflavone) is a well-known antioxidant found in many plants, such as in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. In this study, we evaluate the inhibitory effect of baicalein on the inflammatory cascade in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced by viral-like material. Experimental assays used in this study included Griess reagent assay for nitric oxide (NO) production, Fluo-4 assay for intracellular calcium release, multiplex cytokine assay, and quantitative real time RT-PCR assay. To induce inflammation, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Baicalein at concentrations up to 100 μM significantly inhibited the production of NO, IL-1α, IL-6, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF, MCP-1, IP-10, LIX, and RANTES as well as calcium release in RAW 264.7 cells induced by poly I:C (50 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). Baicalein at concentrations up to 50 μM also significantly inhibited mRNA expression of STAT1, STAT3, CHOP, and Fas in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, baicalein has anti-inflammatory effect in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages by inhibiting NO, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors via the endoplasmic reticulum stress–CHOP/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
| | - Ji Young Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
| | - Mi Suk Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
| | - Wansu Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-Nam 13120, Korea.
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Shang ZP, Wang F, Zhang JY, Wang ZJ, Lu JQ, Wang HY, Li N. The genus Liriope: Phytochemistry and pharmacology. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:801-815. [PMID: 29329607 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liriope (Liliaceae) species have been used as folk medicines in Asian countries since ancient times. From Liriope plants (8 species), a total of 132 compounds (except polysaccharides) have been isolated and identified, including steroidal saponins, flavonoids, phenols, and eudesmane sesquiterpenoids. The crude extracts or monomeric compounds from this genus have been shown to exhibit anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. The present review summarizes the results on phytochemical and biological studies on Liriope plants. The chemotaxonomy of this genus is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Peng Shang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zi-Jian Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Lu
- Library of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huai-You Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Structure features and in vitro hypoglycemic activities of polysaccharides from different species of Maidong. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kim YJ, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim DH, Lee TH, Kang MS, Choi YK, Lee HL, Kim J, An HJ, Park W. INHIBITORY EFFECT OF EMODIN ON RAW 264.7 ACTIVATED WITH DOUBLE STRANDED RNA ANALOGUE POLY I:C. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 14:157-166. [PMID: 28480427 PMCID: PMC5412221 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Emodin (3-methyl-1, 6, 8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a compound which can be found in
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR). PMR is the root of Polygonum
multiflorum. PMR is used to treat dizziness, spermatorrhea, sores, and
scrofula as well as chronic malaria traditionally in China and Korea. The anti-tumor
property of emodin was already reported. However, anti-viral activity of emodin on
macrophages are not fully reported. Materials and Methods: Effects of emodin on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic
acid (poly I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, were evaluated. Results: Emodin restored the cell viability in poly I: C-induced RAW 264.7 at concentrations of
up to 50 μM. Emodin significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide,
IL-1α, IL-Ιβ, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1a,
MIP-Ιβ, MIP-2, RANTES, and IP-10 as well as calcium release and mRNA
expression of signal transducer and activated transcription 1 (STAT1) in poly
I:C-induced RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows the inhibitory effect of emodin on poly I: C-induced RAW 264.7 via
calcium-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Classics and History, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Formulae Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Kang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kyung Choi
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaieun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seong-nam, 13120, Republic of Korea
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Teng L, Fu H, Wang M, Deng C, Chen J. Stimulation of RAW264.7 macrophages by sulfated Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5545-53. [PMID: 26239044 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the immunomodulatory effects of sulfated K5 polysaccharide derivatives on RAW264.7 macro-phage cells, and to further elucidate the structure‑activity relationship. In the present study, chemically sulfated polysaccharides were derived from Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide (K5PS), and molecular weight determination, sugar analysis, and other physical and chemical characterizations were performed on the derived polysaccharides. Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that K5‑OS2 stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells to release TNF‑α and IL‑1β proinflammatory cytokines. K5‑OS2 also induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase iNOS, which is responsible for the production of nitric oxide. In addition, K5‑OS2 markedly induced macrophage‑mediated cytotoxicity against cancer cells and promoted the phagocytic activity of the RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, K5‑OS2 activated macrophages and acted as a potent immunomodulator. Observations of the present study also indicated that sulfation modification enhanced the immune‑enhancing activity of K5PS, and that the high sulfation in the O‑position of K5PS may be required for the immunomodulatory activities of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Teng
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Haitian Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Chao Deng
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
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Holtmann G, Talley NJ. Herbal medicines for the treatment of functional and inflammatory bowel disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:422-32. [PMID: 24674944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, there continues to be a long-standing tradition of prescribing herbal products for a range of gastrointestinal conditions. Scientific evidence supporting the use of all herbal preparations is imperfect, however, and available studies are plagued by methodological limitations. For functional gastrointestinal disorders, there is limited evidence supporting the use of some well-characterized preparations. A number of herbals have immunomodulatory activity, and in inflammatory bowel disease there are limited positive placebo-controlled trials; other studies used active controls with suboptimal doses of the comparators. Like all drugs, herbals can lead to serious adverse events (eg, hepatic failure). Quality control is a serious issue to consider when prescribing herbal medicines. Many herbal preparations are marketed without evidence for stringent adherence to good manufacturing practice guidelines. Unpredictable environmental conditions may affect the composition and the concentration of the active ingredients of plant extracts. Further, commercial herbal products usually combine a variable plethora of chemical families with possible medicinal utility. While some of these ingredients might be of benefit, the concentration and dose of these constituents needs to be closely monitored. Physicians and regulators need to remain very cautious about the use of herbal remedies. Appropriate scientific evidence for the claimed clinical benefits should become mandatory worldwide, and the standards for production and safety monitoring should comply with established standards for chemically defined products. If these principles were adopted, the full value of herbal remedies may come to light, particularly as the individually bioactive compounds present in these preparations become recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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