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Fernández-Lázaro D, Arribalzaga S, Gutiérrez-Abejón E, Azarbayjani MA, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Roche E. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults-A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:2044. [PMID: 38999792 PMCID: PMC11243702 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 is a family of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have been used to treat a wide variety of chronic diseases, due mainly to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. In this context, omega-3 could be post-exercise recovery agent and sports supplement that could improve performance by preserving and promoting skeletal muscle mass and strength. No conclusive evidence, however, exists about the potential effects of omega-3 on post-exercise biomarkers and sports performance in physically healthy adults. Based on the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines, we systematically reviewed studies indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline to assess the effects of omega-3 on post-exercise inflammation, muscle damage, oxidant response, and sports performance in physically healthy adults. The search was performed on original articles published in the last 10 years up to 5 May 2024, with a controlled trial design in which omega-3 supplementation was compared with a control group. Among 14,971 records identified in the search, 13 studies met the selection criteria. The duration of the interventions ranged from 1 day to 26 weeks of supplementation and the doses used were heterogeneous. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group in 3 of the 4 studies where these markers were analyzed. C-reactive protein (CRP) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control group of 2 of the 13 studies where this marker was analyzed. The delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) gave mixed results. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed improvements with supplementation, but tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) displayed no differences. The consumption of n-3 PUFAs improved some indicators of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio. Additional evidence is needed to establish clear recommendations regarding the dose and length of n-3 PUFA supplements. These may benefit the post-exercise inflammatory response, mitigate muscle damage, and decrease oxidative stress caused by exercise. However, studies did not evaluate omega-3 status at baseline or following supplementation and therefore the observations must be treated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetic, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus de Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- “Nutrition for Sport and Exercise” Working Group, Spanish Nutrition Society (SEÑ), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-A.); (E.R.)
| | - Soledad Arribalzaga
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón
- Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- Valladolid Este Primary Care Department, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
- Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- “Nutrition for Sport and Exercise” Working Group, Spanish Nutrition Society (SEÑ), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-A.); (E.R.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- “Nutrition for Sport and Exercise” Working Group, Spanish Nutrition Society (SEÑ), 28010 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-A.); (E.R.)
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Pam P, El Sayed I, Asemani S, Jamilian P, Zarezadeh M, Ghoreishy Z. The effectiveness of chia seed in improving glycemic status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103065. [PMID: 38917708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chia seeds in improving glycemic status, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of chia seeds on FBG, HbA1c, and/or insulin that meet our eligibility criteria were included. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random-effects model and reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The registration number was CRD42023441766. RESULTS Out of 341 articles retrieved from the initial search, 8 RCTs (with 10 arms) involving 362 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that chia consumption had no significant effect on FBG (WMD: 0.79 %; 95 % CI: -0.97 to 2.55; p = 0.38), HbA1c (WMD: -0.12 %; 95 % CI: -0.27 to 0.02; p = 0.09), and insulin (WMD:1.23 %; 95 % CI: -1.77 to 4.22; p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Chia seed consumption shows no significant impact on FBG, HbA1c, and insulin levels. This study is limited by the small number of studies in the meta-analysis and the significant heterogeneity among them, necessitating further research with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Pam
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sanaz Asemani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Ghoreishy
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Fernandes SS, Egea MB, Salas-Mellado MDLM, Segura-Campos MR. Chia Oil and Mucilage Nanoemulsion: Potential Strategy to Protect a Functional Ingredient. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087384. [PMID: 37108546 PMCID: PMC10139160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation can increase the stability of bioactive compounds, ensuring protection against physical, chemical, or biological degradations, and allows to control of the release of these biocompounds. Chia oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids-8% corresponds to omega 3 and 19% to omega 6-resulting in high susceptibility to oxidation. Encapsulation techniques allow the addition of chia oil to food to maintain its functionality. In this sense, one strategy is to use the nanoemulsion technique to protect chia oil from degradation. Therefore, this review aims to present the state-of-the-art use of nanoemulsion as a new encapsulation approach to chia oil. Furthermore, the chia mucilage-another chia seed product-is an excellent material for encapsulation due to its good emulsification properties (capacity and stability), solubility, and water and oil retention capacities. Currently, most studies of chia oil focus on microencapsulation, with few studies involving nanoencapsulation. Chia oil nanoemulsion using chia mucilage presents itself as a strategy for adding chia oil to foods, guaranteeing the functionality and oxidative stability of this oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibele Santos Fernandes
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av Italy km 8, Carreiros 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Buranelo Egea
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Campus Rio Verde, Sul Goiana, Km 01, Rio Verde 75901-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maira Rubi Segura-Campos
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Periférico Norte km 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615, Mexico
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Alasalvar C, Chang SK, Bolling B, Oh WY, Shahidi F. Specialty seeds: Nutrients, bioactives, bioavailability, and health benefits: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2382-2427. [PMID: 33719194 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeds play important roles in human nutrition and health since ancient time. The term "specialty" has recently been applied to seeds to describe high-value and/or uncommon food products. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to identify various classes of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols in specialty seeds. This review discusses nutrients, fat-soluble bioactives, polyphenols/bioactives, antioxidant activity, bioavailability, health benefits, and safety/toxicology of commonly consumed eight specialty seeds, namely, black cumin, chia, hemp, flax, perilla, pumpkin, quinoa, and sesame. Scientific results from the existing literature published over the last decade have been compiled and discussed. These specialty seeds, having numerous fat-soluble bioactives and polyphenols, together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been consumed. Hence, these specialty seeds can be considered as a valuable source of dietary supplements and functional foods due to their health-promoting bioactive components, polyphenols, and corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from these specialty seeds demonstrate bioavailability in humans with promising health benefits. Additional long-term and well-design human intervention trials are required to ascertain the health-promoting properties of these specialty seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bradley Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Won Young Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
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Costa MS, Toscano LT, Toscano LDLT, Luna VR, Torres RA, Silva JA, Silva AS. Ergogenic potential of foods for performance and recovery: a new alternative in sports supplementation? A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1480-1501. [PMID: 33226268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been studies in the literature reporting the ergogenic effect of some different foods on sports performance. Given the reasonable number of studies in which some food has shown improvement in some physiological variables related to physical performance, a review is pertinent in order to produce a compilation of these studies, providing new elements for athletes and coaches which aim to optimize their performance. Thus, the objective of this work was to present a systematic review of the findings regarding the potential ergogenic effect of food for athletes. Researchers performed a double-blind research in Medline/PubMed considering articles published until January 2019 which resulted in 71 articles. Increased time until exhaustion, improved aerobic capacity and strength recovery were the most commonly reported physical effects. In general, food showed equal or superior ergogenic activity over supplements. Although the number of foods investigated is reasonable, there is still no body of evidence for each studied food, except beets. The current data support the possibility of certain foods being able to enhance athletic performance, as well as serving as an energy source. However, a larger volume of studies is needed to form a body of evidence on each of these foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana T Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lydiane de Lima Tavares Toscano
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa R Luna
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rayanne A Torres
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Janilson A Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Knez Hrnčič M, Ivanovski M, Cör D, Knez Ž. Chia Seeds ( Salvia hispanica L.): An Overview-Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application. Molecules 2019; 25:E11. [PMID: 31861466 PMCID: PMC6994964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a small seed that comes from an annual herbaceous plant, Salvia hispanica L. In recent years, usage of Chia seeds has tremendously grown due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. Chia was cultivated by Mesopotamian cultures, but then disappeared for centuries until the middle of the 20th century, when it was rediscovered. Chia seeds contain healthy ω-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and some minerals. Besides this, the seeds are an excellent source of polyphenols and antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and others. Today, chia has been analyzed in different areas of research. Researches around the world have been investigating the benefits of chia seeds in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Chia oil is today one of the most valuable oils on the market. Different extraction methods have been used to produce the oil. In the present study, an extensive overview of the chemical composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, along with extraction methods used to produce chia oil, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Maja Ivanovski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Darija Cör
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.I.); (D.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Teoh SL, Lai NM, Vanichkulpitak P, Vuksan V, Ho H, Chaiyakunapruk N. Clinical evidence on dietary supplementation with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:219-242. [PMID: 29452425 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Chia seed is a popular dietary supplement, taken mainly for its high content of alpha-linolenic acid, vegetable protein, and dietary fiber, yet information about its clinical effects is lacking. Objective This review aims to summarize the clinical evidence regarding the use of chia seed for a wide variety of health conditions. Data Sources A number of databases, including PubMed and Embase, were searched systematically. Study Selection Randomized controlled trials that assessed the clinical effects of chia seed consumption in human participants were included. The quality of trials was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data Extraction Data on study design, blinding status, characteristics of participants, chia seed intervention, comparator, clinical assessment, duration of intake, interval of assessment, and study funding status were extracted. Meta-analysis was performed. Results Twelve trials were included. Participants included healthy persons, athletes, diabetic patients, and individuals with metabolic syndrome. Pooling of results showed no significant differences except for the following findings of subgroup analysis at higher doses of chia seed: (1) lower postprandial blood glucose level (mean difference [MD] of -33.95 incremental area under the curve [iAUC] [mmol/L × 2 h] [95%CI, -61.85, -6.05] and -51.60 iAUC [mmol/L × 2 h] [95%CI, -79.64, -23.56] at medium doses and high doses, respectively); (2) lower high-density lipoprotein in serum (MD of -0.10 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.20, -0.01]); and (3) lower diastolic blood pressure (MD of -7.14 mmHg [95%CI, -11.08, -3.19]). The quality of all evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was low or very low. All trials employed only surrogate markers as outcomes. Conclusions Future trials with improved methodological quality, well-described clinical events, and validated surrogate markers as outcomes are needed to support the potential health benefits of chia seed consumption. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42015029990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Li Teoh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nai Ming Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Vladimir Vuksan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoang Ho
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand; the School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; and the Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes, Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia Platform in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Kasai N, Kojima C, Sumi D, Ikutomo A, Goto K. Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Angiogenic Growth Factor Responses to Repeated-Sprint Exercise in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:844. [PMID: 31447683 PMCID: PMC6696976 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of repeated-sprint exercise in moderate hypoxia on inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and angiogenic growth factor responses among athletes. Ten male college track and field sprinters [mean ± standard error (SE): age, 20.9 ± 0.1 years; height, 175.7 ± 1.9 cm; body weight, 67.3 ± 2.0 kg] performed two exercise trials in either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR; FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of three sets of 5 s × 6 s maximal sprints with 30 s rest periods between sprints and 10 min rest periods between sets. After completing the exercise, subjects remained in the chamber for 3 h under the prescribed oxygen concentration (hypoxia or normoxia). The average power output during exercise did not differ significantly between trials (p = 0.17). Blood lactate concentrations after exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than in the NOR trial (p < 0.05). Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations increased significantly after exercise (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the two trials (p = 0.07). Post-exercise plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, serum myoglobin, serum lipid peroxidation, plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentrations did not differ significantly between the two trials (p > 0.05). In conclusion, exercise-induced inflammatory, muscle damage, oxidative stress, and VEGF responses following repeated-sprint exercise were not different between hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Ikutomo
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Turck D, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Kearney J, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Pelaez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Cubadda F, Engel KH, Frenzel T, Heinonen M, Marchelli R, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Pöting A, Poulsen M, Sanz Y, Schlatter JR, van Loveren H, Gelbmann W, Matijević L, Romero P, Knutsen HK. Safety of chia seeds ( Salvia hispanica L.) as a novel food for extended uses pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05657. [PMID: 32626283 PMCID: PMC7009096 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on overall safety assessment for chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 in the light of the increasing dietary intake from the growing number of authorised uses in recent years. The safety assessment of this NF is based on data supplied in seven applications, previous safety assessments of chia seeds and information retrieved from an extensive literature search done by EFSA. Since none of the applications addressed the possible formation of process contaminants, the present assessment is limited to those proposed extended uses which do not raise safety concerns regarding the formation of such contaminants. These include the use of whole and ground chia seeds added to chocolate, fruit spreads, fruit desserts, mixed fruit with coconut milk in twin pot, fruit‐preparations to underlay a dairy product, fruit‐preparations to be mixed with dairy products, confectionary (excluding chewing gums), dairy products and analogues, edible ices, fruit and vegetables products, non‐alcoholic beverages and compotes from fruit and/or vegetables and/or with cereals. In addition, this assessment also concerns uses of chia seeds without specific restrictions and precautions regarding their use levels in other foods which usually do not include heat treatment during processing and cooking. Apart from allergenicity, the Panel did not identify any hazard which causes safety concerns. Lacking the basis and need to establish safe maximum intake levels for chia seeds, no exposure assessment was conducted. The Panel concludes that chia seeds are safe under the assessed conditions of use.
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10
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Aird TP, Davies RW, Carson BP. Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1476-1493. [PMID: 29315892 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nutrition on exercise metabolism and performance remain an important topic among sports scientists, clinical, and athletic populations. Recently, fasted exercise has garnered interest as a beneficial stimulus which induces superior metabolic adaptations to fed exercise in key peripheral tissues. Conversely, pre-exercise feeding augments exercise performance compared with fasting conditions. Given these seemingly divergent effects on performance and metabolism, an appraisal of the literature is warranted. This review determined the effects of fasting vs pre-exercise feeding on continuous aerobic and anaerobic or intermittent exercise performance, and post-exercise metabolic adaptations. A search was performed using the MEDLINE and PubMed search engines. The literature search identified 46 studies meeting the relevant inclusion criteria. The Delphi list was used to assess study quality. A meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed where appropriate. Findings indicated that pre-exercise feeding enhanced prolonged (P = .012), but not shorter duration aerobic exercise performance (P = .687). Fasted exercise increased post-exercise circulating FFAs (P = .023) compared to fed exercise. It is evidenced that pre-exercise feeding blunted signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue implicated in regulating components of metabolism, including mitochondrial adaptation and substrate utilization. This review's findings support the hypothesis that the fasted and fed conditions can divergently influence exercise metabolism and performance. Pre-exercise feeding bolsters prolonged aerobic performance, while seminal evidence highlights potential beneficial metabolic adaptations that fasted exercise may induce in peripheral tissues. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the acute and chronic physiological adaptations to fasted vs fed exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Aird
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - R W Davies
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - B P Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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