1
|
Xing J, Bou G, Liu G, Li X, Shen Y, Akhtar MF, Bai D, Zhao Y, Dugarjaviin M, Zhang X. Leucine promotes energy metabolism and stimulates slow-twitch muscle fibers expression through AMPK/mTOR signaling in equine skeletal muscle satellite cells. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 51:101249. [PMID: 38776751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that leucine (Leu) can stimulate and enhance the proliferation of equine skeletal muscle satellite cells (SCs). The gene expression profile associated with Leu-induced proliferation of equine SCs has also been documented. However, the specific role of Leu in regulating the expression of slow-twitch muscle fibers (slow-MyHC) and mitochondrial function in equine SCs, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains unclear. During this investigation, equine SCs underwent culturing in differentiation medium and were subjected to varying concentrations of Leu (0 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM) over a span of 3 days. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor Compound C and mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR) inhibitor Rapamycin were utilized to explore its underlying mechanism. Here we showed that the expression of slow-MyHC at 2 mM Leu level was significantly higher than the concentration levels of 0 mM,0.5 mM and 10 mM (P <0.01), and there was no significant difference compared to other groups (P > 0.05); the basal respiration, maximum respiration, standby respiration and the expression of slow-MyHC, PGC-1α, Cytc, ND1, TFAM, and COX1 were significantly increased with Leu supplementation (P < 0.01). We also found that Leu up-regulated the expression of key proteins on AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways, including LKB1, p-LKB1, AMPK, p-AMPK, S6, p-S6, 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, mTOR and p-mTOR (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Notably, when we treated the equine SCs with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C and the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin, we observed a reduction in the beneficial effects of Leu on the expression of genes related to slow-MyHC and signaling pathway-related gene expressions. This study provides novel evidence that Leu promotes slow-MyHC expression and enhances mitochondrial function in equine SCs through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms involved in these processes for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yingchao Shen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | | | - Dongyi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xinzhuang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hannaian SJ, Hodson N, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Kato H, Matsunaga K, Waskiw-Ford M, Duncan J, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. Leucine-enriched amino acids maintain peripheral mTOR-Rheb localization independent of myofibrillar protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:133-143. [PMID: 32525432 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise protein ingestion can elevate rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), mTORC1 activity, and mTOR translocation/protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear if leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAA) can similarly facilitate intracellular mTOR trafficking in humans after exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postexercise LEAA (4 g total EAAs, 1.6 g leucine) on acute MyoPS and mTORC1 translocation and signaling. Recreationally active men performed lower-body resistance exercise (5 × 8-10 leg press and leg extension) to volitional failure. Following exercise participants consumed LEAA (n = 8) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (PLA; n = 10). MyoPS was measured over 1.5-4 h of recovery by oral pulse of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. Phosphorylation of proteins in the mTORC1 pathway were analyzed via immunoblotting and mTORC1-LAMP2/WGA/Rheb colocalization via immunofluorescence microscopy. There was no difference in MyoPS between groups (LEAA = 0.098 ± 0.01%/h; PL = 0.090 ± 0.01%/h; P > 0.05). Exercise increased (P < 0.05) rpS6Ser240/244(LEAA = 35.3-fold; PLA = 20.6-fold), mTORSer2448(LEAA = 1.8-fold; PLA = 1.2-fold) and 4EBP1Thr37/46(LEAA = 1.5-fold; PLA = 1.4-fold) phosphorylation irrespective of nutrition (P > 0.05). LAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression were not affected by exercise or nutrient ingestion. mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization was greater in LEAA preexercise and decreased following exercise and supplement ingestion (P < 0.05), yet was unchanged in PLA. mTOR-WGA (cell periphery marker) and mTOR-Rheb colocalization was greater in LEAA compared with PLA irrespective of time-point (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the postexercise consumption of 4 g of LEAA maintains mTOR in peripheral regions of muscle fibers, in closer proximity to its direct activator Rheb, during prolonged recovery independent of differences in MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with PLA ingestion. This intracellular localization of mTOR may serve to "prime" the kinase for future anabolic stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate whether postexercise leucine-enriched amino acid (LEAA) ingestion elevates mTORC1 translocation and protein-protein interactions in human skeletal muscle. Here, we observed that although LEAA ingestion did not further elevate postexercise MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with placebo, mTORC1 peripheral location and interaction with Rheb were maintained. This may serve to "prime" mTORC1 for subsequent anabolic stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsunaga
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Waskiw-Ford M, Hannaian S, Duncan J, Kato H, Abou Sawan S, Locke M, Kumbhare D, Moore D. Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041061. [PMID: 32290521 PMCID: PMC7231404 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) acutely enhance post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), which has been suggested to be important for muscle repair and recovery. However, the ability of LEAAs to concurrently enhance MyoPS and muscle damage recovery in free-living humans has not been studied. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design, twenty recreationally active males consuming a controlled diet (1.2 g/kg/d of protein) were supplemented thrice daily with 4 g of LEAAs (containing 1.6 g leucine) or isocaloric placebo for four days following an acute bout of lower-body resistance exercise (RE). MyoPS at rest and integrated over 96 h of recovery was measured by D2O. Isometric and isokinetic torque, muscle soreness, Z-band streaming, muscle heat shock protein (HSP) 25 and 72, plasma creatine kinase (CK), and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured over 96 h post-RE to assess various direct and indirect markers of muscle damage. RESULTS Integrated MyoPS increased ~72% over 96 h after RE (p < 0.05), with no differences between groups (p = 0.98). Isometric, isokinetic, and total peak torque decreased ~21% by 48 h after RE (p < 0.05), whereas total peak torque was ~10% greater overall during recovery in LEAAs compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were moderate to large effects for peak torque in favour of LEAAs. Muscle soreness increased during recovery with no statistical differences between groups but small to moderate effects in favour of LEAAs that correlated with changes in peak torque. Plasma CK, plasma IL-6, and muscle HSP25 increased after RE (p < 0.05) but were not significantly different between groups (p ≥ 0.13). Consistent with a trend toward attenuated Z-band streaming in LEAAs (p = 0.07), muscle HSP72 expression was lower (p < 0.05) during recovery in LEAAs compared with placebo. There were no correlations between MyoPS and any measures of muscle damage (p ≥ 0.37). CONCLUSION Collectively, our data suggest that LEAAs moderately attenuated muscle damage without concomitant increases in integrated MyoPS in the days following an acute bout of resistance exercise in free-living recreationally active men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Sarkis Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan;
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Marius Locke
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada;
| | - Daniel Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada; (M.W.-F.); (S.H.); (J.D.); (S.A.S.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-946-4088
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Matsuda T, Kato H, Suzuki H, Mizugaki A, Ezaki T, Ogita F. Within-Day Amino Acid Intakes and Nitrogen Balance in Male Collegiate Swimmers during the General Preparation Phase. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1809. [PMID: 30463354 PMCID: PMC6266158 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher protein intake is recommended for athletes compared to healthy non-exercising individuals. Additionally, the distribution and quality (i.e., leucine content) of the proteins consumed throughout the day should be optimized. This study aimed to determine the nitrogen balance and distribution of protein and amino acid intakes in competitive swimmers during the general preparation phase. Thirteen swimmers (age: 19.7 ± 1.0 years; VO₂max: 63.9 ± 3.7 mL·kg-1·min-1, mean ± standard deviation) participated in a five-day experimental training period. Nutrient intakes were assessed using dietary records. Nitrogen balance was calculated from the daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen excretion. The intake amounts of amino acids and protein at seven eating occasions were determined. The average and population-safe intakes for zero nitrogen balance were estimated at 1.43 and 1.92 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively. The intake amounts of protein and leucine at breakfast, lunch, and dinner satisfied current guidelines for the maximization of muscle protein synthesis, but not in the other four occasions. The population-safe protein intake level in competitive swimmers was in the upper range (i.e., 1.2⁻2.0 g·kg-1·day-1) of the current recommendations for athletes. The protein intake distribution and quality throughout the day may be suboptimal for the maximization of the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsuda
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Haruka Suzuki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Ami Mizugaki
- Frontier Research Laboratories, Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Ezaki
- Olympic and Paralympic Promotional Office, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-15-1 Kyobashi, Tokyo 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Ogita
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, 1 Shiromizu-cho, Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2393, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comparison between Collagen and Lidocaine Intramuscular Injections in Terms of Their Efficiency in Decreasing Myofascial Pain within Masseter Muscles: A Randomized, Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Pain Res Manag 2018; 2018:8261090. [PMID: 29973970 PMCID: PMC6008702 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8261090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective A novel option for myofascial pain (MFP) management and muscle regeneration is intramuscular collagen injections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of intramuscular injections of collagen and lidocaine in decreasing MFP within masseter muscles. Methods Myofascial pain within masseter muscles was diagnosed on the basis of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (II.1.A. 2 and 3). A total of 43 patients with diagnosed MFP within masseter muscles were enrolled to the study (17 male and 26 female, 40 ± 3.8 years old) and randomly divided into three groups. The first group received injections using 2 ml of collagen MD Muscle (Guna), the second group received 2 ml of 2% lidocaine without a vasoconstrictor, and the third group 2 ml of saline as a control (0.9% NaCl). All patients received repeated injections at one-week intervals (days 0 and 7). The visual analogue scale was used to determine pain intensity changes during each follow-up visit (days 0, 7, and 14) in each group. The masseter muscle activity was measured on each visit (days 0, 7, and 14) with surface electromyography (sEMG) (Neurobit Optima 4, Neurobit Systems). Results We found that sEMG masseter muscle activity was significantly decreased in Group I (59.2%), less in Group II (39.3%), and least in Group III (14%). Pain intensity reduction was 53.75% in Group I, 25% in Group II, and 20.1% in Group III. Conclusions The study confirmed that intramuscular injection of collagen is a more efficient method for reducing myofascial pain within masseter muscles than intramuscular injection of lidocaine.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim YA, Jin SW, Oh SH, Lee GH, Pham HT, Choi JH, Chung YC, Lee WL, Kim SK, Jeong HG. Platycodon grandiflorum-derived saponin enhances exercise function, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:94-104. [PMID: 29723585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lower physical performance is an important risk factor in hypokinetic-related chronic disease, metabolic syndrome, and muscle atrophy. Our previous research demonstrated that Platycodon grandiflorum-derived saponin (PS) protects against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and mitochondrial function-related peroxisomal acyl-coenzme A oxidase (ACOX-1) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and it inhibits osteoclast differentiation. However, the effects of PS on physical performance remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether PS enhances physical activity and skeletal muscle function. Supplementation with PS (2 mg/kg for 4 weeks) increased grip strength, wheel running repetition, and time to exhaustion in treadmill and swimming exercises. Marked increases in the synthesis of skeletal muscle proteins and muscle stem cell-related paired-box 7 (PAX7) were observed, and a decrease in the negative regulator myostatin was associated with enhanced muscle regeneration. Furthermore, PS induced expression of mitochondrial function proteins, including OXPHOS-III and -IV, in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that PS enhances exercise function by ameliorating skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong An Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suck Hoon Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoa Thi Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Lok Lee
- Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|