1
|
Tian A, Meng F, Li S, Wu Y, Zhang C, Luo X. Inadequate linear catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: Influencing factors and underlying mechanisms. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:805-816. [PMID: 38763958 PMCID: PMC11294269 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
A minority of children born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience catch-up growth failure and remain short in adulthood. However, the underlying causes and mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet fully comprehended. We reviewed the present state of research concerning the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and growth plate in SGA children who fail to achieve catch-up growth. Additionally, we explored the factors influencing catch-up growth in SGA children and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we considered the potential benefits of supplementary nutrition, specific dietary patterns, probiotics and drug therapy in facilitating catch-up growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anran Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fucheng Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yichi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou X, Zhao X, Parker L, Derkach P, Correa M, Benites V, Miller R, Athanasiadis D, Doherty B, Alnozaili G, Wittenberg J, Gates D, Destaillats F, Rakitsky W, Franklin S. Development and large-scale production of human milk fat analog by fermentation of microalgae. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1341527. [PMID: 38352706 PMCID: PMC10861784 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1341527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Human milk contains a complex mixture of triacylglycerols (TAG), making it challenging to recreate using common ingredients. Objective The study aimed to develop an innovative fermentation technique to produce essential human milk TAG, effectively tackling a significant hurdle in infant nutrition. Method An in-depth analysis of the literature has been conducted to identify the specific TAG to be targeted. We used a microalgal oil production platform and a two-step procedure to modify its fatty acid and TAG composition. The palmitic acid (16:0) content has been increased by classical strain improvement techniques, followed by a step involving the expression of a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) sequence capable of esterifying 16:0 specifically at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Once the strain was stabilized, the fermentation was scaled up in a 50-L reactor to yield several kilograms of biomass. Subsequently, the oil was extracted and refined using standard oil processing conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the TAG profile and the region specificity of 16:0 at the internal position (sn-2 palmitate) of TAG. Results The initial strain had a 16:0 level of 25% of total fatty acids, which was increased to 30% by classical strain improvement. Simultaneously, the oleic acid level decreased from 61% to 57% of total fatty acids. Upon expression of an exogenous LPAAT gene, the level of the 16:0 esterified in the internal position of the TAG (sn-2 palmitate) increased by a factor of 10, to reach 73% of total palmitic acid. Consequently, the concentration of oleic acid in the internal position decreased from 81% to 22% of total fatty acids, with TAG analysis confirming that the primary TAG species in the oil was 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO). The 50-L-scale fermentation trial confirmed the strain's ability to produce oil with a yield of >150 g of oil per liter of fermentation broth in a timeframe of 5 days, rendering the process scalable for larger-scale industrialization. Conclusion We have demonstrated the feasibility of producing a suitable TAG composition that can be effectively integrated into the formulations of infant nutrition in combination with other fats and oils to meet the infant feeding requirements.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lavie A, Liu Z, Pitt JA, Friling M, Mei S, Lou M, Qu X, Hongtao F, Wang Y, Ivanir E. Safety evaluation of INFAT® PLUS: Acute, genetic, teratogenic, and subchronic (90-day) toxicity studies. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:433-443. [PMID: 38021468 PMCID: PMC10663635 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INFAT®PLUS, is a sn-2 palmitate enriched fat ingredient intended for infant formula. A battery of toxicological studies was conducted in accordance with the Food Safety Toxicological Assessment GB-15193 (China), to confirm the safety of INFAT®PLUS. In the acute oral toxicity test, the LD50 of INFAT® PLUS was higher than 53.4 g /kg BW and 26.7 g/kg BW for ICR mice and SD rats, respectively. In a subchronic study, INFAT® PLUS was administered by oral gavage to SD rats with maximal daily dose of 8.90 g/kg BW for 90 days. No treatment-related clinical signs or mortalities were observed. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was set at 8.90 g/kg BW. Similarly, no evidence of genotoxicity effect was noted in several in vitro and in vivo tests, including bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test, mouse erythrocyte micronucleus test, and chromosome aberration test of mouse spermatogonia/spermatocyte. For the teratogenic evaluations, no toxicological signs were observed in both pregnant SD rat and fetuses, and the NOAEL of INFAT® PLUS was determined to be 8.90 g/kg BW. Based on the obtained results we concluded that INFAT® PLUS was found non-toxic under the experimental conditions, and the totality of the safety data supports its use for infant nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Liu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Song Mei
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minhan Lou
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Qu
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Hongtao
- Antion Beijing Information Consulting Co., Ltd, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu L, Fang S, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Yang P, Wan J, Gao B, Lucy Yu L. The triacylglycerol structure and composition of a human milk fat substitute affect the absorption of fatty acids and calcium, lipid metabolism and bile acid metabolism in newly-weaned Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Funct 2023; 14:7574-7585. [PMID: 37526948 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of sn-2 palmitic triacylglycerols (sn-2 palmitic TAGs) and the ratio between the two major sn-2 palmitic TAGs (OPL to OPO ratio) in a human milk fat substitute (HMFS) on growth, fatty acid and calcium absorptions, and lipid and bile acid metabolic alterations was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. After 4 weeks of high-fat feeding, rats fed with the HMFS containing a sn-2 palmitic acid content of 57.87% and an OPL to OPO ratio of 1.4 showed the lowest TAG accumulation in their livers and hypertrophy of perirenal adipocytes, compared to the groups fed with fats containing a lower sn-2 palmitic acid content or a lower OPL to OPO ratio. Meanwhile, synergistically improved absorption of fatty acids and calcium and increased levels of total bile acids (BAs), especially for the tauro-conjugated BAs (TCDCA, TUDCA, TαMCA, TβMCA, TDCA and TωMCA), were observed in rats by both increasing the sn-2 palmitic acid content and the OPL to OPO ratio in HMFS. In addition, the levels of total BAs and tauro-conjugated BAs were negatively correlated with serum TAG, TC, and LDL-c levels and positively correlated with HDL-c levels according to Spearman's correlation analysis (P < 0.05). Collectively, these findings present new nutritional evidence for the potential effects of the TAG structure and composition of a human milk fat substitute on the growth and lipid and bile acid metabolism of the host in infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shuaizhen Fang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Puyu Yang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jianchun Wan
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dietary Complex and Slow Digestive Carbohydrates Promote Bone Mass and Improve Bone Microarchitecture during Catch-Up Growth in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061303. [PMID: 35334960 PMCID: PMC8951765 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch-up growth is a process that promotes weight and height gains to recover normal growth patterns after a transient period of growth inhibition. Accelerated infant growth is associated with reduced bone mass and quality characterized by poor bone mineral density (BMD), content (BMC), and impaired microarchitecture. The present study evaluated the effects of a diet containing slow (SDC) or rapid (RDC) digestible carbohydrates on bone quality parameters during the catch-up growth period in a model of diet-induced stunted rats. The food restriction period negatively impacted BMD, BMC, and microarchitecture of appendicular and axial bones. The SDC diet was shown to improve BMD and BMC of appendicular and axial bones after a four-week refeeding period in comparison with the RDC diet. In the same line, the micro-CT analysis revealed that the trabecular microarchitecture of tibiae and vertebrae was positively impacted by the dietary intervention with SDC compared to RDC. Furthermore, features of the cortical microstructure of vertebra bones were also improved in the SDC group animals. Similarly, animals allocated to the SDC diet displayed modest improvements in growth plate thickness, surface, and volume compared to the RDC group. Diets containing the described SDC blend might contribute to an adequate bone formation during catch-up growth thus increasing peak bone mass, which could be linked to reduced fracture risk later in life in individuals undergoing transient undernutrition during early life.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bronsky J, Campoy C, Embleton N, Fewtrell M, Mis NF, Gerasimidis K, Hojsak I, Hulst J, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Molgaard C, Moltu SJ, Verduci E, Vora R, Domellöf M. Palm Oil and Beta-palmitate in Infant Formula: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:742-760. [PMID: 31022096 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm oil (PO) is used in infant formulas in order to achieve palmitic acid (PA) levels similar to those in human milk. PA in PO is esterified predominantly at the SN-1,3 position of triacylglycerol (TAG), and infant formulas are now available in which a greater proportion of PA is in the SN-2 position (typical configuration in human milk). As there are some concerns about the use of PO, we aimed to review literature on health effects of PO and SN-2-palmitate in infant formulas. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were systematically searched for relevant studies on possible beneficial effects or harms of either PO or SN-2-palmitate in infant formula on various health outcomes. RESULTS We identified 12 relevant studies using PO and 21 studies using SN-2-palmitate. Published studies have variable methodology, subject characteristics, and some are underpowered for the key outcomes. PO is associated with harder stools and SN-2-palmitate use may lead to softer stool consistency. Bone effects seem to be short-lasting. For some outcomes (infant colic, faecal microbiota, lipid metabolism), the number of studies is very limited and summary evidence inconclusive. Growth of infants is not influenced. There are no studies published on the effect on markers of later diseases. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to suggest that PO should be avoided as a source of fat in infant formulas for health reasons. Inclusion of high SN-2-palmitate fat blend in infant formulas may have short-term effects on stool consistency but cannot be considered essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Bronsky
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nicholas Embleton
- Newcastle Neonatal Service, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nataša Fidler Mis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iva Hojsak
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jessie Hulst
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Flavia Indrio
- Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexandre Lapillonne
- Paris Descartes University, APHP Necker-Enfants Malades hospital, Paris, France.,CNRC, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christian Molgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen.,Pediatric Nutrition Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rakesh Vora
- Leeds teaching hospitals NHS trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|