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Westrich JA, McNulty EE, Carpenter M, Burton M, Reed K, Nalls A, Sandoval A, Mayo C, Mathiason CK. Monitoring longitudinal immunological responses to bluetongue virus 17 in experimentally infected sheep. Virus Res 2023; 338:199246. [PMID: 37858729 PMCID: PMC10594635 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important pathogen of ruminant species with worldwide prevalence. While many BTV infections are asymptomatic, animals with symptomatic presentation deteriorate quickly with the sickest succumbing to disease within one week. Animals that survive the infection often require months to recover. The immune response to BTV infection is thought to play a central role in controlling the disease. Key to understanding BTV disease is profiling vertebrate host immunological cellular and cytokine responses. Studies to characterize immune responses in ruminants have been limited by a lack of species-specific reagents and assay technology. Here we assess the longitudinal immunological response to experimental BTV-17-California (CA) infection in sheep using the most up to date assays. We infected a cohort of sheep with BTV-17-CA and longitudinally monitored each animal for clinical disease, viremia and specific immunological parameters (B cells, T cells, monocytes) by RT-qPCR, traditional flow cytometry and/or fluorescent based antibody arrays. BTV-inoculated sheep exhibited clinical signs characteristic of bluetongue virus disease. Circulating virus was demonstrated after 8 days post inoculation (DPI) and remained detectable for the remainder of the time course (24 DPI). A distinct lymphopenia was observed between 7 and 14 DPI that rebounded to mock-inoculated control levels at 17 DPI. In addition, we observed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 8 DPI. Taken together, we have established a model of BTV infection in sheep and have successfully monitored the longitudinal vertebrate host immunological response and viral infection progression using a combination of traditional methods and cutting-edge technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Erin E McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy Nalls
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Audrey Sandoval
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Dhanda SK, Malviya J, Gupta S. Not all T cell epitopes are equally desired: a review of in silico tools for the prediction of cytokine-inducing potential of T-cell epitopes. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6692551. [PMID: 36070623 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of protective or harmful T cell response induced by any antigenic epitope is important in designing any immunotherapeutic molecule. The understanding of cytokine induction potential also helps us to monitor antigen-specific cellular immune responses and rational vaccine design. The classical immunoinformatics tools served well for prediction of B cell and T cell epitopes. However, in the last decade, the prediction algorithms for T cell epitope inducing specific cytokines have also been developed and appreciated in the scientific community. This review summarizes the current status of such tools, their applications, background algorithms, their use in experimental setup and functionalities available in the tools/web servers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA-38015.,Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India
| | - Jitendra Malviya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biological Science, IES University Bhopal, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- NGS & Bioinformatics Division, 3B BlackBio Biotech India Ltd., 7-C, Industrial Area, Govindpura, Bhopal, India
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