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Nicolaisen T, Vornholz H, Köchling M, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Brinkmann D, Vonnahme J, Hennig-Pauka I. Longitudinal study on the influence of sow and piglet vaccination on seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in rearing pigs and at slaughter in a farrow-to-finish production system. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:58. [PMID: 39658785 PMCID: PMC11629494 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is widespread in pig husbandry and pork is an important source for human salmonellosis. Surveillance programmes are conducted in many European countries and various management measures are implemented on farm level to control Salmonella. Piglet or maternal vaccination can reduce Salmonella shedding and lower the likelihood of piglet infection. Proper management of risk factors can help to maintain low infection pressure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sow vaccination and piglet vaccination on Salmonella seroprevalence at slaughter. RESULTS Different vaccination strategies were evaluated for their effect on seroprevalences in nursery (serum) and slaughter pigs (meat juice) in a farrow-to-finish production chain tested positive for Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Antibody levels of four piglet groups from one rearing farm and of pigs from four downstream fattening farms were measured by Salmonella LPS-ELISA in a longitudinal study (UNVAC: no vaccination against Salmonella; PIGVAC: piglets vaccinated twice with an attenuated Salmonella Cholerasuis (SC) live vaccine; SOWVAC-1: piglets born from sows vaccinated twice before farrowing with attenuated ST live vaccine; SOWVAC-2: Piglets from vaccinated sows (ST) which had been vaccinated twice already as a piglet (ST). Results revealed significantly lower ELISA optical density (OD) values (p < 0.05) and fewer serological positive piglets (OD > 40) from groups PIGVAC, SOWVAC-1 and SOWVAC-2 compared to group UNVAC at the end of rearing period. Summarizing results from pigs of all fattening farms revealed that pigs from group PIGVAC had significantly lower ELISA OD values in meat juice samples than all other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Piglet (SC) and sow vaccination (ST) led to significant reduction in detectable antibodies in a ST positive production chain and thus to reduced likelihood of infection during rearing. The results reflect that vaccination with a live attenuated SC vaccine resulted in cross-protection against ST without producing antibodies detectable by standard Salmonella LPS-ELISA. Summarizing all fattening farms, piglet vaccination reduced seroprevalence at the time of slaughter. In conclusion, sow and piglet vaccination with attenuated live vaccines against Salmonella are good instruments to reduce the infection pressure in the rearing period but need additional management measures to show effect on seroprevalence at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thies Nicolaisen
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büscheler Straße 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Building 116, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubertus Vornholz
- Viehvermarktung Münsterland eG, Bechtrup 22, 59348, Lüdinghausen, Germany
| | - Monika Köchling
- CEVA Tiergesundheit GmbH, Kanzlerstraße 4, 40472, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Detert Brinkmann
- Fleischhof Rasting GmbH, Eisbachstraße/Am Pannacker, 53340, Meckenheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Vonnahme
- FGS Tierarztpraxis GmbH & Co. KG, Bruchberg 24, 33142, Büren, Germany
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Büscheler Straße 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany.
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Midha A, Oser L, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Laubschat A, Mugo RM, Musimbi ZD, Höfler P, Kundik A, Hayani R, Adjah J, Groenhagen S, Tieke M, Elizalde-Velázquez LE, Kühl AA, Klopfleisch R, Tedin K, Rausch S, Hartmann S. Concurrent Ascaris infection modulates host immunity resulting in impaired control of Salmonella infection in pigs. mSphere 2024; 9:e0047824. [PMID: 39140728 PMCID: PMC11423588 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00478-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascaris is one of the most widespread helminth infections, leading to chronic morbidity in humans and considerable economic losses in pig farming. In addition, pigs are an important reservoir for the zoonotic salmonellosis, where pigs can serve as asymptomatic carriers. Here, we investigated the impact of an ongoing Ascaris infection on the immune response to Salmonella in pigs. We observed higher bacterial burdens in experimentally coinfected pigs compared to pigs infected with Salmonella alone. The impaired control of Salmonella in the coinfected pigs was associated with repressed interferon gamma responses in the small intestine and with the alternative activation of gut macrophages evident in elevated CD206 expression. Ascaris single and coinfection were associated with a rise of CD4-CD8α+FoxP3+ Treg in the lymph nodes draining the small intestine and liver. In addition, macrophages from coinfected pigs showed enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella infection in vitro and the Salmonella-induced monocytosis and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by myeloid cells was repressed in pigs coinfected with Ascaris. Hence, our data indicate that acute Ascaris infection modulates different immune effector functions with important consequences for the control of tissue-invasive coinfecting pathogens.IMPORTANCEIn experimentally infected pigs, we show that an ongoing infection with the parasitic worm Ascaris suum modulates host immunity, and coinfected pigs have higher Salmonella burdens compared to pigs infected with Salmonella alone. Both infections are widespread in pig production and the prevalence of Salmonella is high in endemic regions of human Ascariasis, indicating that this is a clinically meaningful coinfection. We observed the type 2/regulatory immune response to be induced during an Ascaris infection correlates with increased susceptibility of pigs to the concurrent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Oser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser-Brandenburg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Laubschat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M Mugo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D Musimbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Höfler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Adjah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Groenhagen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Tieke
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis E Elizalde-Velázquez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, iPATH.Berlin, Core unit of Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Arnold M, Echtermann T, Nathues H. Infectious Enteric Diseasses in Pigs. PRODUCTION DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS 2024:223-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51788-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Choi Y, Lee W, Kwon JG, Kang A, Kwak MJ, Eor JY, Kim Y. The current state of phage therapy in livestock and companion animals. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 66:57-78. [PMID: 38618037 PMCID: PMC11007465 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2024.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In a global context, bacterial diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria have inflicted sustained damage on both humans and animals. Although antibiotics initially appeared to offer an easy treatment for most bacterial infections, the recent rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria, stemming from antibiotic misuse, has prompted regulatory measures to control antibiotic usage. Consequently, various alternatives to antibiotics are being explored, with a particular focus on bacteriophage (phage) therapy for treating bacterial diseases in animals. Animals are broadly categorized into livestock, closely associated with human dietary habits, and companion animals, which have attracted increasing attention. This study highlights phage therapy cases targeting prominent bacterial strains in various animals. In recent years, research on bacteriophages has gained considerable attention, suggesting a promising avenue for developing alternative substances to antibiotics, particularly crucial for addressing challenging bacterial diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woongji Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon-Gi Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Eor
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Menegatt JCO, Perosa FF, Gris AH, Piva MM, Serena GC, Bordignon DL, Reck C, Menin Á, Watanabe TTN, Driemeier D. Main Causes of Death in Piglets from Different Brazilian Nursery Farms Based on Clinical, Microbiological, and Pathological Aspects. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3819. [PMID: 38136857 PMCID: PMC10740839 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Necropsies can reveal herd problems or comorbidities that can lead to management corrections, improvements in animal performance, and better decision making. Furthermore, the pattern and causes of mortality might differ when different systems are evaluated. The present study was conducted to establish the main causes of death in nursery pigs from different systems in Brazil, as well as the clinical, microbiological, and pathological aspects of these mortalities. Eighteen nurseries were analyzed (a total of 120,243 housed piglets), and 557 necropsies were performed. Streptococcus suis infection was the most prevalent cause of death (21.2%), followed by bacterial polyserositis (16.7%), chronic atrophic enteritis (13.5%), salmonellosis (8.8%), pneumonia (8.6%), and colibacillosis (6.1%). The increase in mortality rate in individual nurseries and, consequently, in the diagnoses was commonly associated with disease outbreaks. Infectious diseases constituted the largest portion of the diagnoses, making a great opportunity for improving production rates in herds. Moreover, the extensive range of observed diagnoses highlights the importance of conducting preliminary diagnostic investigations based on necropsy to determine the causes of death. This approach allows for the direction of complementary tests, which can diagnose agents with greater specificity. As a result, this allows for the implementation of more effective prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Carlo Olivo Menegatt
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Fernanda Felicetti Perosa
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Anderson Hentz Gris
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Manoela Marchezan Piva
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Guilherme Carvalho Serena
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Diego Luiz Bordignon
- Cargill Alimentos Ltd.a., Av. José Bonifácio Coutinho Nogueira, 150, Campinas 13091-611, SP, Brazil;
| | - Carolina Reck
- VERTÀ Laboratórios, Instituto de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico Veterinário, Av. Lions, 1380—Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Curitibanos 89520-000, SC, Brazil; (C.R.); (Á.M.)
| | - Álvaro Menin
- VERTÀ Laboratórios, Instituto de Pesquisa e Diagnóstico Veterinário, Av. Lions, 1380—Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Curitibanos 89520-000, SC, Brazil; (C.R.); (Á.M.)
- Departamento de Biociências e Saúde Única, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, R. Germano A. Souza, Curitibanos 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrão Watanabe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
- Antech Diagnostics, West Olympic Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (F.F.P.); (A.H.G.); (M.M.P.); (G.C.S.); (D.D.)
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Sock and Environmental Swabs as an Efficient, Non-Invasive Tool to Assess the Salmonella Status of Sow Farms. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061031. [PMID: 36978572 PMCID: PMC10044664 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most reported gastrointestinal infection in humans after campylobacteriosis and a common cause of foodborne outbreaks in the European Union (EU). In addition to consumption of contaminated animal-based foods, such as poultry, beef and eggs, pork is an important source of human salmonellosis outbreaks; therefore, Salmonella (S.) control should start in the early stages of pig production. To be able to implement effective control measures to reduce the risk of pigs being infected by Salmonella, it is important to identify the serovars circulating on farm within the different stages of production, including as early as sow and piglet breeding. The aim of the present study was to assess the Salmonella status of sow farms either producing their own finishers or delivering piglets to fattening farms with a known high serological prevalence identified within the QS Salmonella monitoring system. Overall, 97 (92.4%) of 105 investigated piglet-producing farms across Germany tested positive in at least one sample. Salmonella was detected in 38.2% of the sock and 27.1% of the environmental swab samples. S. Typhimurium was the most frequent serovar. In conclusion, sock and environmental swab samples are well suited for non-invasive Salmonella detection in different production units in farrowing farms. To establish a holistic Salmonella control program, all age classes of pig production should be sampled to enable intervention and implementation of countermeasures at an early stage if necessary.
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Suwannawong N, Thumarat U, Phongphanich P. Association of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 polymorphisms with Salmonella fecal shedding and hematological traits in pigs. Vet World 2022; 15:2738-2743. [PMID: 36590113 PMCID: PMC9798060 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2738-2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 encoding gene (Nramp1) plays a role in immune response and disease resistance. This study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms of Nramp1 intron 6 concerning Salmonella shedding and hematological traits in pigs. Materials and Methods A total of 40 commercial pigs (three-way Large White x Landrace x Duroc cross) were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and analyze the relationship between the polymorphisms of the Nramp1 gene and Salmonella fecal shedding and hematological parameters. Results Nramp1 was shown to be polymorphic in these pigs. The Nramp1 gene has two alleles (A and B) and two genotypes (AB and BB). The BB genotype had a higher frequency than the AB genotype. A significant relationship between the BB genotype and the number of Salmonella in feces compared to the AB genotype (p < 0.05) on 7 days post-inoculation (DPI) was revealed in the association analysis. The single-nucleotide polymorphism at intron 6 in the Nramp1 gene was linked to white and red blood cells 2 and 7 DPI (p < 0.05). Conclusion The Nramp1 gene was suggested by these findings to be potentially used as a molecular marker for the genetic selection of disease susceptibility in pig breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattariga Suwannawong
- Animal Production Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Uschara Thumarat
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Pitchayanipa Phongphanich
- Animal Production Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok 10900, Thailand,Corresponding author: Pitchayanipa Phongphanich, e-mail: Co-authors: NS: , UT:
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Hollmann I, Lingens JB, Wilke V, Homann C, Teich K, Buch J, Chuppava B, Visscher C. Epidemiological Study on Salmonella Prevalence in Sow Herds Using Direct and Indirect Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1532. [PMID: 36013949 PMCID: PMC9413226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In piglet production, the beginning of pork production, Salmonella prevalence requires greater attention as having an impact on the subsequent production steps. The aim of this study was to investigate Salmonella prevalence in three sow herds with attached piglet rearing units. Salmonella prevalence was investigated either directly by boot swabs and feces or indirectly by serum samples taken during gilt integration, the peripartal period, and piglet rearing. Boot swabs and feces were analyzed by real-time PCR and subsequent microbiology. Results indicated that high biosecurity measures in sow husbandry do not necessarily result in a low Salmonella prevalence. Furthermore, the sow herds' Salmonella prevalence should not be used to infer the situation in the associated piglet rearing. The proportion of positive boot swabs was 10.5, 3.6, and 21.3% for sows (gilts and peripartal) with an inverse situation in piglet rearing with 50.0, 63.3, and 5.8% positive swabs for farms A, B, and C, respectively. Boot swabs are suitable as a direct sampling method to gain an overview of Salmonella prevalence in both sows and piglets. Indirect serum antibody testing can be useful, although it should be evaluated considering age-dependent levels of antibody titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Hollmann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Jan Berend Lingens
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Christian Homann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Klaus Teich
- AniCon Labor GmbH, 49685 Emstek, Germany; (K.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Juhle Buch
- AniCon Labor GmbH, 49685 Emstek, Germany; (K.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.); (J.B.L.); (C.H.); (B.C.); (C.V.)
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Karabasanavar N, Sivaraman GK, S P S, Nair AS, Vijayan A, Rajan V, P S G. Non-diarrhoeic pigs as source of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1039-1049. [PMID: 35128626 PMCID: PMC9151962 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-producing animals act as reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars with potential food safety and public health implications. The present cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in non-diarrhoeic pigs and characterizing the isolates using molecular tools. Salmonella isolates (n = 22) recovered from faecal samples of 194 randomly selected pigs were characterized for virulence and antimicrobial resistance and subtyped using XbaI-PFGE. The prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic pigs was 11.3% (95%CI, 4.3-19.5%), with S. Weltevreden (81.8%) and S. Enteritidis (18.2%) being the serotypes detected. Salmonella isolates harboured virulence genes such as invA (100%), stn (100%), spvR/spvC (86.3%) and fimA (22.7%). Phenotypically, isolates showed sensitivity to chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (86.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.6%), cefotaxime (22.7%) and ceftriaxone (9.1%). Notably, 18.2% isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥ 3 antimicrobial class) with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.56-0.67 (18.2%), 0.44 (45.5%), 0.33 (31.8%) and 0.22 (4.5%). Genotypically, isolates carried various antibiotic resistance genes: ESBL (blaTEM and blaOXA), aminoglycoside (strA, strB and aadA1), sulphonamide (sul1, sul2 and dfrA1), tetracycline (tetA and tetB) and plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase (ACC, FOX, MOX, DHA, CIT and EBC). The present investigation emphasizes the epidemiological significance of PFGE typing in the detection of emerging strains of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant S. Weltevreden and S. Enteritidis in non-diarrhoeic pigs that pose serious public health implications in the pork supply chain environment. More extensive longitudinal study is warranted to provide epidemiological links between environmental reservoirs and animal and human infections in piggery settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagappa Karabasanavar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India.
| | - G K Sivaraman
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Satheesha S P
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana S Nair
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India
| | - Ardhra Vijayan
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Vineeth Rajan
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Girish P S
- ICAR National Research Centre On Meat, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telangana, India
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10
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Bearson SMD. Salmonella in Swine: Prevalence, Multidrug Resistance, and Vaccination Strategies. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:373-393. [PMID: 34699256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million Salmonella infections and 420 deaths occur annually in the United States, with an estimated economic burden of $3.7 billion. More than 50% of US swine operations test positive for Salmonella according to the National Animal Health Monitoring System, and 20% of Salmonella from swine are multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. This review on Salmonella in swine addresses the current status of these topics by discussing antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance in Salmonella and the contribution of horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in controlling Salmonella is that Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen in humans but is often a commensal in food animals and thereby establishes an asymptomatic reservoir state in such animals, including swine. As food animal production systems continue to expand and antimicrobial usage becomes more limited, the need for Salmonella interventions has intensified. A promising mitigation strategy is vaccination against Salmonella in swine to limit animal, environmental, and food contamination. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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Buddhasiri S, Sukjoi C, Kaewsakhorn T, Nambunmee K, Nakphaichit M, Nitisinprasert S, Thiennimitr P. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 Against Salmonella Infection in a Mouse Colitis Model. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716761. [PMID: 34497597 PMCID: PMC8419263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) caused by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (STM) is among the most prevalent of foodborne diseases. A global rising of antibiotic resistance strains of STM raises an urgent need for alternative methods to control this important pathogen. Major human food animals which harbor STM in their gut are cattle, swine, and poultry. Previous studies showed that the probiotic Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) reuteri KUB-AC5 (AC5) exhibited anti-Salmonella activities in chicken by modulating gut microbiota and the immune response. However, the immunobiotic effect of AC5 in a mammalian host is still not known. Here, we investigated the anti-Salmonella and anti-inflammatory effects of AC5 on STM infection using a mouse colitis model. Three groups of C57BL/6 mice (prophylactic, therapeutic, and combined) were fed with 109 colony-forming units (cfu) AC5 daily for 7, 4, and 11 days, respectively. Then, the mice were challenged with STM compared to the untreated group. By using a specific primer pair, we found that AC5 can transiently colonize mouse gut (colon, cecum, and ileum). Interestingly, AC5 reduced STM gut proliferation and invasion together with attenuated gut inflammation and systemic dissemination in mice. The decreased STM numbers in mouse gut lumen, gut tissues, and spleen possibly came from longer AC5 feeding duration and/or the combinatorial (direct and indirect inhibitory) effect of AC5 on STM. However, AC5 attenuated inflammation (both in the gut and in the spleen) with no difference between these three approaches. This study demonstrated that AC5 confers both direct and indirect inhibitory effects on STM in the inflamed gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songphon Buddhasiri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chutikarn Sukjoi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thattawan Kaewsakhorn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kowit Nambunmee
- Major of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Urban Safety Innovation Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Massalin Nakphaichit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Nitisinprasert
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parameth Thiennimitr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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