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Võ TC, Kang JM, Lê HG, Naw H, Kim TS, Shin HJ, Myint MK, Htun ZT, Na BK. Spatio-temporal analysis of genetic diversity of merozoite surface protein-3 alpha in Myanmar Plasmodium vivax isolates. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105639. [PMID: 38997058 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Myanmar aims to eliminate malaria by 2030. However, recent increase of malaria incidence is a great challenge to archive that goal. Increasing prevalence of Plasmodium vivax also hinders this endeavor. Monitoring genetic structure of the parasite is necessary to understand genetic nature and evolutionary aspect of P. vivax population in Myanmar. Partial fragment flanking blocks I and II of merozoite surface protein-3 alpha of P. vivax (pvmsp-3α) was amplified from P. vivax isolates collected in Pyin Oo Lwin, Mandalay Region, Myanmar in 2013-2015. Sequence analysis of pvmsp-3α was performed to determine genetic diversity and natural selection of this gene. Spatio-temporal genetic changes of pvmsp-3α in Myanmar P. vivax population were also investigated via comparative analysis of gene sequences obtained in this study and previously reported Myanmar pvmsp-3α sequences. Genetic diversity of Myanmar pvmsp-3α was detected in P. vivax isolates analyzed. Size polymorphisms in block I and amino acid changes and recombination events in block II were main factors contributing to the genetic diversity of pvmsp-3α. Comparative spatio-temporal analysis with previously reported Myanmar pvmsp-3α populations revealed the presence of genetic differences by population with moderate genetic differentiation between populations. Similar pattern of natural selection was also detected in Myanmar pvmsp-3α populations. These suggested that enough size of the P. vivax population sufficient to generate or maintain the genetic diversity remains in the population. Thus, continuous molecular surveillance of genetic structure of Myanmar P. vivax is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Zaw Than Htun
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
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Võ TC, Lê HG, Kang JM, Naw H, Yoo WG, Myint MK, Quang HH, Na BK. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the erythrocyte binding antigen 175 region II in Plasmodium falciparum populations from Myanmar and Vietnam. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20025. [PMID: 37973970 PMCID: PMC10654615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen 175 (PfEBA-175) plays essential role in erythrocyte invasion by the parasite and is a leading vaccine candidate. However, its genetic diversity in global isolates is a concern in developing an universal vaccine incorporating this protein. This study aimed to investigate genetic polymorphisms and natural selection of pfeba-175 region II (RII) in Myanmar and Vietnam P. falciparum isolates. Vietnam pfeba-175 RII displayed a low genetic polymorphism, while Myanmar pfeba-175 RII showed high levels of genetic diversity across the region. Point mutations, deletion, and recombinations were main factors contributing to genetic diversities in P. falciparum populations. Global pfeba-175 RII revealed similar, but not identical, genetic polymorphisms and natural selection profiles. Despite profiles of amino acid substitutions differed among populations, five major amino acid changes (K279E, E403K, K481I, Q584K, and R664) were commonly detected in global pfeba-175 RII populations. Haplotype network and genetic differentiation analyses of global pfeba-175 RII populations demonstrated no geographical relationships. Non-neglectable level of genetic diversity was observed in global pfeba-175 RII populations, emphasizing the need to consider this when designing an effective vaccine based on this protein. This study underscores the importance of the continuous monitoring of genetic diversity of pfeba-175 RII in the global P. falciparum populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Tropical Diseases Clinical and Treatment Research Department, Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology Quy Nhon, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
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Tapaopong P, da Silva G, Chainarin S, Suansomjit C, Manopwisedjaroen K, Cui L, Koepfli C, Sattabongkot J, Nguitragool W. Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105467. [PMID: 37330027 PMCID: PMC10548344 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The local diversity and population structure of malaria parasites vary across different regions of the world, reflecting variations in transmission intensity, host immunity, and vector species. This study aimed to use amplicon sequencing to investigate the genotypic patterns and population structure of P. vivax isolates from a highly endemic province of Thailand in recent years. Amplicon deep sequencing was performed on 70 samples for the 42-kDa region of pvmsp1 and domain II of pvdbp. Unique haplotypes were identified and a network constructed to illustrate genetic relatedness in northwestern Thailand. Based on this dataset of 70 samples collected between 2015 and 2021, 16 and 40 unique haplotypes were identified in pvdbpII and pvmsp142kDa, respectively. Nucleotide diversity was higher in pvmsp142kDa than in pvdbpII (π = 0.027 and 0.012), as was haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.962 and 0.849). pvmsp142kDa also showed a higher recombination rate and higher levels of genetic differentiation (Fst) in northwestern Thailand versus other regions (0.2761-0.4881). These data together suggested that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in northwestern Thailand at these two studied loci evolved under a balancing selection, most likely host immunity. The lower genetic diversity of pvdbpII may reflect its stronger functional constrain. In addition, despite the balancing selection, a decrease in genetic diversity was observed. Hd of pvdbpII decreased from 0.874 in 2015-2016 to 0.778 in 2018-2021; π of pvmsp142kDa decreased from 0.030 to 0.022 over the same period. Thus, the control activities must have had a strong impact on the parasite population size. The findings from this study provide an understanding of P. vivax population structure and the evolutionary force on vaccine candidates. They also established a new baseline for tracking future changes in P. vivax diversity in the most malarious area of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsakorn Tapaopong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gustavo da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sittinont Chainarin
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chayanut Suansomjit
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105387. [PMID: 36403920 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of malaria parasites traces the origin and spread of new variants and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of malaria control measures. Therefore, this study aims to improve the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria at the China-Myanmar border by genotyping the PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes. METHODS Blood samples were collected from P. vivax malaria patients along the China-Myanmar border. The PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the genetic polymorphism and haplotype of the two genes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 422 blood samples were used for this study, of which 224 were analyzed at PvMSP-3α and 126 at PvMSP-3β. Samples mainly were from young adults aged 18-45 years, although local patients were significantly younger than migrant laborers crossing the border at Tengchong (P < 0.0001). Molecular evolutionary analysis revealed that PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β underwent diversifying natural selection, and intragenic recombination contributed to the diversity of the isolates. Based on the length of the genes, we identified three types of PvMSP-3α [1.9-2.0 kb (Type-A), 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B), and 1.1-1.3 kb (Type-C)] and two types of PvMSP-3β [1.7-2.2 kb (Type-A) and 1.4-1.5 kb (Type-B)]. Migrant laborers returning to China through Tengchong bore P. vivax infections displaying significantly higher genetic diversity than local residents. CONCLUSIONS Both PvMSP-3 paralogs were subjected to diversifying selection in each sample population. Clustering of alleles supports ephemeral endemic differentiation of alleles, but the broader phylogeny suggests that alleles transit the globe, perhaps accelerated by movements of migrants such as those transiting Tengchong.
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Lê HG, Naw H, Kang JM, Võ TC, Myint MK, Htun ZT, Lee J, Yoo WG, Kim TS, Shin HJ, Na BK. Molecular Profiles of Multiple Antimalarial Drug Resistance Markers in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in the Mandalay Region, Myanmar. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2021. [PMID: 36296297 PMCID: PMC9612053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence and spreading of antimalarial drug resistant malaria parasites are great hurdles to combating malaria. Although approaches to investigate antimalarial drug resistance status in Myanmar malaria parasites have been made, more expanded studies are necessary to understand the nationwide aspect of antimalarial drug resistance. In the present study, molecular epidemiological analysis for antimalarial drug resistance genes in Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax from the Mandalay region of Myanmar was performed. Blood samples were collected from patients infected with P. falciparum and P. vivax in four townships around the Mandalay region, Myanmar in 2015. Partial regions flanking major mutations in 11 antimalarial drug resistance genes, including seven genes (pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfmdr-1, pfcrt, pfk13, pfubp-1, and pfcytb) of P. falciparum and four genes (pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr-1, and pvk12) of P. vivax were amplified, sequenced, and overall mutation patterns in these genes were analyzed. Substantial levels of mutations conferring antimalarial drug resistance were detected in both P. falciparum and P. vivax isolated in Mandalay region of Myanmar. Mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance were found in pfdhfr, pfdhps, pvdhfr, and pvdhps of Myanmar P. falciparum and P. vivax with very high frequencies up to 90%. High or moderate levels of mutations were detected in genes such as pfmdr-1, pfcrt, and pvmdr-1 associated with chloroquine resistance. Meanwhile, low frequency mutations or none were found in pfk13, pfubp-1, pfcytb, and pvk12 of the parasites. Overall molecular profiles for antimalarial drug resistance genes in malaria parasites in the Mandalay region suggest that parasite populations in the region have substantial levels of mutations conferring antimalarial drug resistance. Continuous monitoring of mutations linked with antimalarial drug resistance is necessary to provide useful information for policymakers to plan for proper antimalarial drug regimens to control and eliminate malaria in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Haung Naw
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Moe Kyaw Myint
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin 05062, Myanmar
| | - Zaw Than Htun
- Department of Medical Research Pyin Oo Lwin Branch, Pyin Oo Lwin 05062, Myanmar
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University College of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010186. [PMID: 35056635 PMCID: PMC8779127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For 20 years, Plasmodium vivax has been the only prevalent malaria species in Mexico, and cases have declined significantly and continuously. Spatiotemporal genetic studies can be helpful for understanding parasite dynamics and developing strategies to weaken malaria transmission, thus facilitating the elimination of the parasite. The aim of the current contribution was to analyze P. vivax-infected blood samples from patients in southern Mexico during the control (1993–2007) and pre-elimination phases (2008–2011). Nucleotide and haplotype changes in the pvmsp142 fragment were evaluated over time. The majority of multiple genotype infections occurred in the 1990s, when the 198 single nucleotide sequences exhibited 57 segregating sites, 64 mutations, and 17 haplotypes. Nucleotide and genetic diversity parameters showed subtle fluctuations from across time, in contrast to the reduced haplotype diversity and the increase in the R2 index and Tajima’s D value from 2008 to 2011. The haplotype network consisted of four haplogroups, the geographical distribution of which varied slightly over time. Haplogroup-specific B-cell epitopes were predicted. Since only high-frequency and divergent haplotypes persisted, there was a contraction of the parasite population. Given that 84% of haplotypes were exclusive to Mesoamerica, P. vivax flow is likely circumscribed to this region, representing important information for parasite surveillance.
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