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Jang J, Kwon DH, Jang JH, Lee DG, Chang SH, Jeon MY, Jeong YS, Song DH, Min JK, Park JG, Lee MS, Han BS, Yang W, Lee NK, Lee J. Development of a novel sandwich immunoassay based on targeting recombinant Francisella outer membrane protein A for the diagnosis of tularemia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1455259. [PMID: 39228894 PMCID: PMC11368854 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1455259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, poses health risks to humans and can spread through a variety of routes. It has also been classified as a Tier 1 Select agent by the CDC, highlighting its potential as a bioterrorism agent. Moreover, it is difficult to diagnose in a timely fashion, owing to the non-specific nature of tularemia infections. Rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection methods are required to reduce mortality rates. We aimed to develop antibodies directed against the outer membrane protein A of F. tularensis (FopA) for rapid and accurate diagnosis of tularemia. Methods We used a baculovirus insect cell expression vector system to produce the FopA antigen and generate anti-FopA antibodies through immunization of BALB/c mice. We then employed hybridoma and phage display technologies to screen for antibodies that could recognize unique epitopes on FopA. Result Two monoclonal antibodies, 6B12 and 3C1, identified through phage display screening specifically bound to recombinant FopA in a dose-dependent manner. The binding affinity of the anti-FopA 6B12 and 3C1 antibodies was observed to have an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.76 × 10-10 M and 1.32 × 10-9 M, respectively. These antibodies were used to develop a sandwich ELISA system for the diagnosis of tularemia. This assay was found to be highly specific and sensitive, with detection limits ranging from 0.062 ng/mL in PBS to 0.064 ng/mL in skim milk matrices. Discussion Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of a novel diagnostic approach for detecting F. tularensis based on targeting FopA, as opposed to existing tests that target the bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyung Kwon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Hyuk Chang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Jeon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Jeong
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Song
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Yang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Yang X, Li J, Tan X, Yang X, Song P, Ming D, Yang Y. Ratiometric fluorescence probe integrated with smartphone for visually detecting lipopolysaccharide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121961. [PMID: 36265302 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A portable instrument-free detection method for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) analysis was developed based on dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence sensing system. Herein, red-emitting Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) were as reference probe, while blue-emitting fluorescent silica quantum dots (Si QDs) were as response probe. Additionally, the aptamer of LPS was covalently grafted to the surface of Si QDs in order to specific recognize the LPS. According to the changes of fluorescence intensityratio (FL ratio, I461 nm/I643 nm) with the concentrations of LPS, the linear equation was fitted with the range of 50-3000 ng/mL, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 29.3 ng/mL. As a practical application, this method was employed to analyze LPS in normal saline with the recovery rate of 97.7-103.8 %. The color picker platform in the smartphone was used to transform the detection picture to the process of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) for visual detection of LPS. The low-cost and easy-carry method reported here presents broad merits for the visually quantitative detection of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiayi Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinhui Tan
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Dengming Ming
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
| | - Yaqiong Yang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Devadhasan JP, Summers AJ, Gu J, Smith S, Thomas B, Fattahi A, Helton J, Pandit SG, Gates-Hollingsworth M, Hau D, Pflughoeft KJ, Montgomery DC, Atta S, Vo-Dinh T, AuCoin D, Zenhausern F. Point-of-care vertical flow immunoassay system for ultra-sensitive multiplex biothreat-agent detection in biological fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114796. [PMID: 36257115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents simple, fast, and sensitive detection of multiple biothreat agents by paper-based vertical flow colorimetric sandwich immunoassay for detection of Yersinia pestis (LcrV and F1) and Francisella tularensis (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) antigens using a vertical flow immunoassay (VFI) prototype with portable syringe pump and a new membrane holder. The capture antibody (cAb) printing onto nitrocellulose membrane and gold-labelled detection antibody (dAb) were optimized to enhance the assay sensitivity and specificity. Even though the paper pore size was relaxed from previous 0.1 μm to the current 0.45 μm for serum samples, detection limits as low as 0.050 ng/mL for LcrV and F1, and 0.100 ng/mL for FtLPS have been achieved in buffer and similarly in diluted serum (with LcrV and F1 LODs remained the same and LPS LOD reduced to 0.250 ng/mL). These were 40, 80, and 50X (20X for LPS in serum) better than those from lateral flow configuration. Furthermore, the comparison of multiplex format demonstrated low cross-reactivity and equal sensitivity to that of the singleplex assay. The optimized VFI platform thus provides a portable and rapid on-site monitoring system for multiplex biothreat detection with the potential for high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and multiplexing capability, supporting its utility in remote and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pramila Devadhasan
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Alexander Jarrett Summers
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Stanley Smith
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Baiju Thomas
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Ali Fattahi
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - James Helton
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sujata G Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kathryn J Pflughoeft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Douglas C Montgomery
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Supriya Atta
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0281, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0281, USA
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, 85721-0020, USA.
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Hau D, Wade B, Lovejoy C, Pandit SG, Reed DE, DeMers HL, Green HR, Hannah EE, McLarty ME, Creek CJ, Chokapirat C, Arias-Umana J, Cecchini GF, Nualnoi T, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Thorkildson PN, Pflughoeft KJ, AuCoin DP. Development of a dual antigen lateral flow immunoassay for detecting Yersinia pestis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010287. [PMID: 35320275 PMCID: PMC8979426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonosis associated with small mammals. Plague is a severe disease, especially in the pneumonic and septicemic forms, where fatality rates approach 100% if left untreated. The bacterium is primarily transmitted via flea bite or through direct contact with an infected host. The 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar resulted in more than 2,400 cases and was highlighted by an increased number of pneumonic infections. Standard diagnostics for plague include laboratory-based assays such as bacterial culture and serology, which are inadequate for administering immediate patient care for pneumonic and septicemic plague.
Principal findings
The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive rapid plague prototype that can detect all virulent strains of Y. pestis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against two Y. pestis antigens, low-calcium response V (LcrV) and capsular fraction-1 (F1), and prototype lateral flow immunoassays (LFI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were constructed. The LFIs developed for the detection of LcrV and F1 had limits of detection (LOD) of roughly 1–2 ng/mL in surrogate clinical samples (antigens spiked into normal human sera). The optimized antigen-capture ELISAs produced LODs of 74 pg/mL for LcrV and 61 pg/mL for F1 when these antigens were spiked into buffer. A dual antigen LFI prototype comprised of two test lines was evaluated for the detection of both antigens in Y. pestis lysates. The dual format was also evaluated for specificity using a small panel of clinical near-neighbors and other Tier 1 bacterial Select Agents.
Conclusions
LcrV is expressed by all virulent Y. pestis strains, but homologs produced by other Yersinia species can confound assay specificity. F1 is specific to Y. pestis but is not expressed by all virulent strains. Utilizing highly reactive mAbs, a dual-antigen detection (multiplexed) LFI was developed to capitalize on the diagnostic strengths of each target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chris Lovejoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sujata G. Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Dana E. Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Haley L. DeMers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Emily E. Hannah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Megan E. McLarty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Cameron J. Creek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chonnikarn Chokapirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jose Arias-Umana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Garett F. Cecchini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | | | - Peter N. Thorkildson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Pflughoeft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - David P. AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Francisella tularensis infection: variable clinical aspects with persistent pulmonary nodules presentation, a case series of human tularemia in Franche-Comté, France. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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