1
|
Zou X, He J, Li X, Zheng J, Su X, Chen J, Chen X. Epidemic characteristics of local HIV-2 transmission across Hunan province, China. Virus Res 2024; 345:199385. [PMID: 38723949 PMCID: PMC11109882 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the epidemiological features of HIV-2 in Hunan Province, China, utilizing sequence analysis. METHODS Thirteen individuals diagnosed with HIV-2 infection in Hunan Province, China, from 2017 to 2023 were included in this study. Amplification of HIV-2 env and pol regions was conducted, followed by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic and molecular transmission network analyses were performed to delineate molecular features and transmission dynamics. RESULTS All 14 individuals contracted HIV-2 through heterosexual intercourse, comprising 7 males and 7 females, with a median age of 58 years. Among them, three couples (HN001 and HN013, HN010 and HN011, HN008 and HN009) were identified, along with commercial sexual activity engagement reported for subject HN004. Notably, subjects HN001, HN003, HN008, and HN010 engaged in commercial sexual activities at the same location as subject HN004. Phylogenetic analysis of the pol gene revealed close proximity of sequences from all subjects to reference sequences from Gambia (Sub-type A). Employing a genetic distance threshold of 1.5 %, eight out of the 14 subjects formed a molecular transmission network, with HN002 and HN004 identified as central nodes. CONCLUSION From 2017 to 2023, all HIV-2-infected individuals in Hunan Province, China, acquired the virus through identifiable routes, indicating transmission of similar HIV-2 strains among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Zou
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China
| | - Jianmei He
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Su
- Xiangtan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 12 North Second Ring Road, Yuhu District, Xiangtan City, 411200, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China; Xiangtan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 12 North Second Ring Road, Yuhu District, Xiangtan City, 411200, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 861 Xinglian Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410005, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith RA, Raugi DN, Nixon RS, Seydi M, Margot NA, Callebaut C, Gottlieb GS. Antiviral Activity of Lenacapavir Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Isolates and Drug-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1290-1294. [PMID: 38060982 PMCID: PMC11095534 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The activity of lenacapavir against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been extensively evaluated in vitro, but comparable data for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are scarce. We determined the anti-HIV-2 activity of lenacapavir using single-cycle infections of MAGIC-5A cells and multicycle infections of a T-cell line. Lenacapavir exhibited low-nanomolar activity against HIV-2, but was 11- to 14-fold less potent against HIV-2 in comparison to HIV-1. Mutations in HIV-2 that confer resistance to other antiretrovirals did not confer cross-resistance to lenacapavir. Although lenacapavir-containing regimens might be considered for appropriate patients with HIV-2, more frequent viral load and/or CD4 testing may be needed to assess clinical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert S Nixon
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cáceres-Pérez AR, Suárez-González J, Santoveña-Estévez A, Fariña JB. Quality assessment of oral antimalarial and antiretroviral medicines used by public health systems in Sahel countries. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303289. [PMID: 38722891 PMCID: PMC11081281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections are among the top 10 causes of death in low income countries. Furthermore, many medicines used in these treatment areas are substandard, which contributes to the high death rate. Using a monitoring system to identify substandard and falsified medicines, the study aims to evaluate the quality of antimalarial and antiretroviral medicines in Sahel countries, assessing site conditions, compliance of medicines with pharmacopoeia tests, formulation equivalence with a reference medicine, and the influence of climate on quality attributes. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography methods for eight active pharmaceutical ingredients were validated following the International Conference for Harmonization guideline for its detection and quantification. Quality control consists of visual inspections to detect any misinformation or imperfections and pharmacopeial testing to determine the quality of pharmaceutical products. Medicines which complied with uniformity dosage units and dissolution tests were stored under accelerated conditions for 6 months. Artemether/Lumefantrine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir formulations failed uniformity dosage units and disintegration tests respectively, detecting a total of 28.6% substandard medicines. After 6 months stored under accelerated conditions (40 °C // 75% relative humidity) simulating climatic conditions in Sahel countries, some medicines failed pharmacopeia tests. It demonstrated the influence of these two factors in their quality attributes. This study emphasizes the need of certified quality control laboratories as well as the need for regulatory systems to maintain standards in pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution in these countries, especially when medicines are transported to rural areas where these climatic conditions are harsher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amor R. Cáceres-Pérez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado Ciencias Médicas y Farmacéuticas, Desarrollo y Calidad de Vida, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Javier Suárez-González
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Santoveña-Estévez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - José B. Fariña
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang X, Gao Z, Sharma PP, Kumar S, Rathi B, Ji X, Dai J, Xie M, Dong G, Xu S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Dick A, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of low-molecular-weight phenylalanine derivatives as novel HIV capsid modulators with improved antiretroviral activity and metabolic stability. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29594. [PMID: 38576317 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The HIV capsid (CA) protein is a promising target for anti-AIDS treatment due to its critical involvement in viral replication. Herein, we utilized the well-documented CA inhibitor PF74 as our lead compound and designed a series of low-molecular-weight phenylalanine derivatives. Among them, compound 7t exhibited remarkable antiviral activity with a high selection index (EC50 = 0.040 µM, SI = 2815), surpassing that of PF74 (EC50 = 0.50 µM, SI = 258). Furthermore, when evaluated against the HIV-2 strain, 7t (EC50 = 0.13 µM) demonstrated approximately 14-fold higher potency than that of PF74 (EC50 = 1.76 µM). Insights obtained from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that 7t exhibited stronger target affinity to the CA hexamer and monomer in comparison to PF74. The potential interactions between 7t and the HIV-1 CA were further elucidated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, providing a plausible explanation for the enhanced target affinity with 7t over PF74. Moreover, the metabolic stability assay demonstrated that 7t (T1/2 = 77.0 min) significantly outperforms PF74 (T1/2 = 0.7 min) in human liver microsome, exhibiting an improvement factor of 110-fold. In conclusion, 7t emerges as a promising drug candidate warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Grants
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC No. 82173677), Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant No. 2023YFC2606500; 2023YFE0206500), Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Shandong Province (ZR2020JQ31), Shandong Laboratory Program (SYS202205), and NIH/NIAID grant R01AI150491 (Loll, PI, Salvino, Co-I)
- 82173677 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2023YFC2606500 Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- 2023YFE0206500 Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- ZR2020JQ31 Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Shandong Province
- SYS202205 Shandong Laboratory Program
- R01AI150491 National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Prem Prakash Sharma
- HeteroChem InnoTech, Hansraj College Campus (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- HeteroChem InnoTech, Hansraj College Campus (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- H.G. Khorana Centre For Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Xiangkai Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanyu Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Załęski A, Lembas A, Dyda T, Siwak E, Osińska J, Suchacz M, Stempkowska-Rejek J, Strycharz M, Orzechowska J, Wiercińska-Drapało A. Changes in Primary HIV-1 Drug Resistance Due to War Migration from Eastern Europe. J Immigr Minor Health 2024; 26:15-22. [PMID: 37973713 PMCID: PMC10771373 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-023-01559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, especially as a result of war in Ukraine, enormous movements of migration to Poland from eastern European countries have been reported, including people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). We have conducted multi-center, prospective study, which aimed to establish HIV-1 subtype and assess the presence of primary drug resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors in antiretroviral treatment naïve patients. The clinical trial recruited 117 individuals during 2 years period (2020-2022). The prevalence of HIV-1 subtype A was statistically significantly more frequent in Ukrainian, and HIV-1 subtype B in Polish patients (p < 0.05). Drug resistance mutations were detected in 44% of all cases and the comparison of presence of mutations in the analyzed groups, as well as in the subgroups of subtype A and B HIV-1 has not revealed any significant differences (p > 0.05), nevertheless Polish patients had multidrug resistance mutations more frequent (p < 0.05). The results from our trial show no increased risk of transmission of multidrug resistant HIV strains in our cohort of Ukrainian migrants.Clinical trials. Gov number NCT04636736; date of registration: November 19, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Załęski
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lembas
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Dyda
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Siwak
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- HIV Out-Patient Clinic, Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Osińska
- Infectious Diseases Clinical Ward in Ostróda, Department of Family Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Suchacz
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Strycharz
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Orzechowska
- Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Medical Sciences, Medical Center in Łańcut, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Alicja Wiercińska-Drapało
- Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu S, Sun L, Barnett M, Zhang X, Ding D, Gattu A, Shi D, Taka JRH, Shen W, Jiang X, Cocklin S, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Goldstone DC, Liu X, Dick A, Zhan P. Discovery, Crystallographic Studies, and Mechanistic Investigations of Novel Phenylalanine Derivatives Bearing a Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold as Potent HIV Capsid Modulators. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16303-16329. [PMID: 38054267 PMCID: PMC10790229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of compound 11L led to the identification of novel HIV capsid modulators, quinazolin-4-one-bearing phenylalanine derivatives, displaying potent antiviral activities against both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Notably, derivatives 12a2 and 21a2 showed significant improvements, with 2.5-fold over 11L and 7.3-fold over PF74 for HIV-1, and approximately 40-fold over PF74 for HIV-2. The X-ray co-crystal structures confirmed the multiple pocket occupation of 12a2 and 21a2 in the binding site. Mechanistic studies revealed a dual-stage inhibition profile, where the compounds disrupted capsid-host factor interactions at the early stage and promoted capsid misassembly at the late stage. Remarkably, 12a2 and 21a2 significantly promoted capsid misassembly, outperforming 11L, PF74, and LEN. The substitution of easily metabolized amide bond with quinolin-4-one marginally enhanced the stability of 12a2 in human liver microsomes compared to controls. Overall, 12a2 and 21a2 highlight their potential as potent HIV capsid modulators, paving the way for future advancements in anti-HIV drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Michael Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Anushka Gattu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Dazhou Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jamie R H Taka
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Wenli Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Specifica Inc., The Santa Fe Railyard, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bekker LG, Beyrer C, Mgodi N, Lewin SR, Delany-Moretlwe S, Taiwo B, Masters MC, Lazarus JV. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37591865 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has resulted in ~40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted via body fluids and secretions. After infection, the virus invades host cells by attaching to CD4 receptors and thereafter one of two major chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4, destroying the host cell, most often a T lymphocyte, as it replicates. If unchecked this can lead to an immune-deficient state and demise over a period of ~2-10 years. The discovery and global roll-out of rapid diagnostics and effective antiretroviral therapy led to a large reduction in mortality and morbidity and to an expanding group of individuals requiring lifelong viral suppressive therapy. Viral suppression eliminates sexual transmission of the virus and greatly improves health outcomes. HIV infection, although still stigmatized, is now a chronic and manageable condition. Ultimate epidemic control will require prevention and treatment to be made available, affordable and accessible for all. Furthermore, the focus should be heavily oriented towards long-term well-being, care for multimorbidity and good quality of life. Intense research efforts continue for therapeutic and/or preventive vaccines, novel immunotherapies and a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, RSA, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Babafemi Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Clare Masters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (A.B.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dzinamarira T, Almehmadi M, Alsaiari AA, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Alsharif A, Khan A, Kamal M, Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, AlShehail SM, Imran M. Highlights on the Development, Related Patents, and Prospects of Lenacapavir: The First-in-Class HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multi-Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1041. [PMID: 37374245 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant (MDR) human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is an unmet medical need. HIV-1 capsid plays an important role at different stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and is an attractive drug target for developing therapies against MDR HIV-1 infection. Lenacapavir (LEN) is the first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor approved by the USFDA, EMA, and Health Canada for treating MDR HIV-1 infection. This article highlights the development, pharmaceutical aspects, clinical studies, patent literature, and future directions on LEN-based therapies. The literature for this review was collected from PubMed, authentic websites (USFDA, EMA, Health Canada, Gilead, and NIH), and the free patent database (Espacenet, USPTO, and Patent scope). LEN has been developed by Gilead and is marketed as Sunlenca (tablet and subcutaneous injection). The long-acting and patient-compliant LEN demonstrated a low level of drug-related mutations, is active against MDR HIV-1 infection, and does not reveal cross-resistance to other anti-HIV drugs. LEN is also an excellent drug for patients having difficult or limited access to healthcare facilities. The literature has established additive/synergistic effects of combining LEN with rilpivirine, cabotegravir, islatravir, bictegravir, and tenofovir. HIV-1 infection may be accompanied by opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB). The associated diseases make HIV treatment complex and warrant drug interaction studies (drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-disease interaction). Many inventions on different aspects of LEN have been claimed in patent literature. However, there is a great scope for developing more inventions related to the drug combination of LEN with anti-HIV/anti-TB drugs in a single dosage form, new formulations, and methods of treating HIV and TB co-infection. Additional research may provide more LEN-based treatments with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters for MDR HIV-1 infections and associated opportunistic infections such as TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Dzinamarira
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- ICAP, Columbia University, Harare P.O. Box 28, Zimbabwe
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abida Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Amal H Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams M AlShehail
- Internal Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21487, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Taveira N, Figueiredo I, Calado R, Martin F, Bártolo I, Marcelino JM, Borrego P, Cardoso F, Barroso H. An HIV-1/HIV-2 Chimeric Envelope Glycoprotein Generates Binding and Neutralising Antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 Isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109077. [PMID: 37240423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immunogens that elicit broadly reactive neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) is the highest priority for an HIV vaccine. We have shown that a prime-boost vaccination strategy with vaccinia virus expressing the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-2 and a polypeptide comprising the envelope regions C2, V3 and C3 elicits bNAbs against HIV-2. We hypothesised that a chimeric envelope gp120 containing the C2, V3 and C3 regions of HIV-2 and the remaining parts of HIV-1 would elicit a neutralising response against HIV-1 and HIV-2. This chimeric envelope was synthesised and expressed in vaccinia virus. Balb/c mice primed with the recombinant vaccinia virus and boosted with an HIV-2 C2V3C3 polypeptide or monomeric gp120 from a CRF01_AG HIV-1 isolate produced antibodies that neutralised >60% (serum dilution 1:40) of a primary HIV-2 isolate. Four out of nine mice also produced antibodies that neutralised at least one HIV-1 isolate. Neutralising epitope specificity was assessed using a panel of HIV-1 TRO.11 pseudoviruses with key neutralising epitopes disrupted by alanine substitution (N160A in V2; N278A in the CD4 binding site region; N332A in the high mannose patch). The neutralisation of the mutant pseudoviruses was reduced or abolished in one mouse, suggesting that neutralising antibodies target the three major neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope gp120. These results provide proof of concept for chimeric HIV-1/HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins as vaccine immunogens that can direct the antibody response against neutralising epitopes in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface glycoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Taveira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueiredo
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Calado
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Marcelino
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Centre for Public Administration and Public Policies, Institute of Social and Political Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cardoso
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Saúde Global e Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Barroso
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Favoino E, Grapsi E, Barbuti G, Liakouli V, Ruscitti P, Foti C, Giacomelli R, Perosa F. Systemic sclerosis and primary biliary cholangitis share an antibody population with identical specificity. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 212:32-38. [PMID: 36715304 PMCID: PMC10081109 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-centromere (ACA) and antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are specific for limited-cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), respectively, and can coexist in up to 25 and 30% of SSc and PBC patients. Here, we evaluated whether anti-centromeric protein A (CENP-A) antibodies cross-react with mitochondrial antigens. To this end, sera from two lcSSc patients (pt1 and pt4), one of them (pt4) also affected by PBC, were used as the source of ACA, previously shown to recognize different groups of amino acids (motifs) in the CENP-A region spanning amino acids 1-17 (Ap1-17). Pt1 and pt4 Ap1-17-specific IgG were purified by affinity-chromatography on insolubilized Ap1-17-peptide column and tested by western blotting with nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extract from HeLa cells. Immunoreactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and validated by immunodot. The results showed that affinity-purified SSc/PBC pt4 anti-Ap1-17 and not SSc pt1 anti-Ap1-17 Ab, specifically cross-reacted with the E2 component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), the major mitochondrial autoantigen in PBC. Sequence homology analysis indicated that the motif A-x-x-P-x-A-P recognized by pt4 anti-Ap1-17 IgG and shared by CENP-A and PDC-E2, is also expressed by some members of the Human Herpesvirus family, suggesting that they may trigger the production of these cross-reacting antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Favoino
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Ettore Grapsi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbuti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, University of Rome “Campus Biomedico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Perosa
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Rheumatic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moranguinho I, Taveira N, Bártolo I. Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065905. [PMID: 36982978 PMCID: PMC10053740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is estimated that 1-2 million people worldwide are infected with HIV-2, accounting for 3-5% of the global burden of HIV. The course of HIV-2 infection is longer compared to HIV-1 infection, but without effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), a substantial proportion of infected patients will progress to AIDS and die. Antiretroviral drugs in clinical use were designed for HIV-1 and, unfortunately, some do not work as well, or do not work at all, for HIV-2. This is the case for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), most protease inhibitors (PIs), the attachment inhibitor fostemsavir and most broadly neutralizing antibodies. Integrase inhibitors work well against HIV-2 and are included in first-line therapeutic regimens for HIV-2-infected patients. However, rapid emergence of drug resistance and cross-resistance within each drug class dramatically reduces second-line treatment options. New drugs are needed to treat infection with drug-resistant isolates. Here, we review the therapeutic armamentarium available to treat HIV-2-infected patients, as well as promising drugs in development. We also review HIV-2 drug resistance mutations and resistance pathways that develop in HIV-2-infected patients under treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Moranguinho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jensen MM, Byberg S, Jespersen S, Olesen JS, da Silva ZJ, Medina C, Krarup H, Wejse C, Erikstrup C, Hønge BL. The HIV care continuum of Guinea-Bissau; Progress towards the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Acta Trop 2023; 241:106887. [PMID: 36871618 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the 2020 UNAIDS HIV treatment goals, 90% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) should be diagnosed, 90% of these should receive antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 90% of these should be virally suppressed. We aimed to evaluate whether Guinea-Bissau fulfills the 2020 treatment goals for both for HIV-1 and HIV-2. DESIGN By combining data from a general population survey, treatment records from HIV clinics across Guinea-Bissau and a biobank from patients attending the largest HIV clinics in Bissau, we estimated each column of the 90-90-90 cascade. METHOD 2601 participated in the survey and were used to estimate the proportion of PLHIV who knew their HIV status and the proportion of PLHIV on ART. Answers given in the survey was verified with treatment records from HIV clinics. We measured viral load from biobank materials from HIV patients and estimated the proportion of virally suppressed PLHIV. RESULT 19.1% of PLHIV indicated to be aware of their HIV status. Of these, 48.5% received ART, and 76.4% of these were virally suppressed. For HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 the results were 21.2%, 40.9% and 75.1%. For HIV-2 the results were 15.9%, 63.6% and 80.7%. 26.9% of all HIV-1 infected in the survey were virologically suppressed, indicating that a much higher number of HIV-1 infected were aware of their status and on treatment. CONCLUSION Guinea-Bissau lags severely behind both the global and regional progress. Improvement in both testing and treating HIV is necessary to improve the quality of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mose Jensen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
| | - Stine Byberg
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; Bandim Health Project, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, Copenhagen 1455, Denmark
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Olesen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | | | - Candida Medina
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Henrik Krarup
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Reberbansgade 15, Aalborg 9000, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Søndre Skovvej 15, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; GloHAU, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University Hospital, Nordre Ringgade 1, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 1081, Bissau Codex, Bissau 1004, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle-Juul Jensen Blvd. 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vaz-Pinto I, Gorgulho A, Esteves C, Guimarães M, Castro V, Carrodeguas A, Medina D. Increasing HIV early diagnosis by implementing an automated screening strategy in emergency departments. HIV Med 2022; 23:1153-1162. [PMID: 36320172 PMCID: PMC10092854 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Late HIV diagnosis is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and risk of onward transmission. Increasing HIV early diagnosis is still a priority. In this observational study with historical control, we determined the impact of an opportunistic HIV screening strategy in the reduction of late diagnosis and missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis. METHODS The screening programme was implemented in the emergency department (ED) of the Hospital de Cascais between September 2018 and September 2021. Eligible patients were aged 18-64 years, with no known HIV diagnosis or antibody testing performed in the previous year, and who required blood work for any reason. Out of the 252 153 emergency visits to the ED, we identified 43 153 (17.1%) patients eligible for HIV testing. Among the total population eligible for the screening, 38 357 (88.9%) patients were ultimately tested for HIV. Impact of the ED screening was determined by analysing late diagnosis in the ED and missed opportunities at different healthcare settings 3 years before and 3 years after the start of the ED screening. RESULTS After 3 years of automated HIV ED testing, we found 69 newly diagnosed HIV cases (54% male, 39% Portuguese nationals, mean age 40.5 years). When comparing the characteristics of HIV diagnoses made in the ED, we observed a significant reduction in the number of people with late HIV diagnosis before and after implementation of the screening programme (78.4% vs. 39.1%, respectively; p = 0.0291). The mean number of missed opportunities for diagnosis also fell (2.6 vs. 1.5 annual encounters with the healthcare system per patient, p = 0.0997). CONCLUSIONS People living with HIV in Cascais and their providers miss several opportunities for earlier diagnosis. Opportunistic screening strategies in settings previously deemed to be unconventional, such as EDs, are feasible and effective in mitigating missed opportunities for timely HIV diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vaz-Pinto
- HIV-AIDS Functional Unit, Cascais Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Gorgulho
- HIV-AIDS Functional Unit, Cascais Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Catarina Esteves
- HIV-AIDS Functional Unit, Cascais Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Guimarães
- HIV-AIDS Functional Unit, Cascais Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Vanda Castro
- HIV-AIDS Functional Unit, Cascais Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|