1
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Yin L, Wang Q, Liu S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Lu L, Lu H, Song Z, Zhang L. iTRAQ-based proteomic study on monocyte cell model discovered an association of LAMP2 downregulation with HIV-1 latency. Proteome Sci 2024; 22:6. [PMID: 38750478 PMCID: PMC11095035 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-024-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are challenging to be cured completely due to the existence of HIV-1 latency reservoirs. However, the knowledge of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with HIV-1 latency is limited. Therefore, identifying proteins related to HIV-1 latency could provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, and ultimately contribute to the eradication of HIV reservoirs. METHODS An Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-labeled subcellular proteomic study was performed on an HIV-1 latently infected cell model (U1, a HIV-1-integrated U937 cell line) and its control (U937). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed using STRING-DB. Selected DEPs were further evaluated by western blotting and multiple reaction monitoring technology in both cell model and patient-derived cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T cells. Finally, we investigated the relationship between a specific DEP lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) and HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat or lysosome regulation by a lysosomotropic agent hydroxychloroquine in U1 and U937 cells. RESULTS In total, 110 DEPs were identified in U1 cells comparing to U937 control cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested associations of the altered proteins with the immune response and endosomal/lysosomal pathway. LAMP2, leukocyte surface antigen CD47, CD55, and ITGA6 were downregulated in HIV-1 latent cells. Downregulated LAMP2 was further confirmed in resting CD4+ T cells from patients with latent HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, both HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat and stimulation with hydroxychloroquine upregulated LAMP2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated the involvement of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in HIV-1 latency in macrophage cell model. The down-modulation of LAMP2 was associated with HIV latency, and the restoration of LAMP2 expression accompanied the transition of viral latency to active infection. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of HIV-1 latency and potential strategies for eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs by targeting LAMP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lingqing Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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2
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Acchioni C, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Sgarbanti M. Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level. Pathogens 2024; 13:349. [PMID: 38787201 PMCID: PMC11124504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon viral tropism, i.e., the entry of viruses via receptors present on the same cell type. Subsequently, productive infection depends on the ability of these viruses to replicate efficiently in the same cellular environment. HIV-1 initially targets CCR5-expressing tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of early cART initiation, a co-receptor switch may occur, leading to the infection of naïve and memory CXCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. HIV-1 infection of macrophages at the G1 stage of their cell cycle also occurs in vivo, broadening the possible occurrence of co-infections between HIV-1 and other viruses at the cellular level. Moreover, HIV-1-infected DCs can transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells via trans-infection. This review focuses on the description of reported co-infections within the same cell between HIV-1 and other human pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or low-pathogenic viruses, including HIV-2, HTLV, HSV, HHV-6/-7, GBV-C, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, also discussing the possible reciprocal interactions in terms of virus replication and virus pseudotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
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3
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Wang YK, Huang XS, Sun H, Ma MD, Yu HP, Hu W, Li ZY, Li Z, Luo RH, Tian RR, Xiao TF, Yang LM, Zheng YT, Li X. Novel Triazolopyridine-Based BRD4 Inhibitors as Potent HIV-1 Latency Reversing Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:60-68. [PMID: 38229757 PMCID: PMC10789119 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitors have been proven to be a promising option for anti-HIV-1 latency therapeutics. We herein describe the design, synthesis, and anti-HIV-1 latency bioevaluation of triazolopyridine derivatives as BRD4 inhibitors. Among them, compound 13d displayed favorable HIV-1 reactivation and prominent safety profile without triggering abnormal immune activation. It exerted strong synergism when combined with the PKC activator prostratin and has the same BRD4-targeting latency mechanism as observed with JQ1, by stimulating Tat-dependent HIV-1 elongation. Besides, it neither affected the antiviral efficacies of antiviral drugs nor caused secondary infections to uninfected cells and the latency reversing potency of 13d, in turn, was not affected by different classes of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kai Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy
of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery
System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health
Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare
& Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy
of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery
System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health
Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare
& Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Meng-Di Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Peng Yu
- Shandong
University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Shandong
University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong
University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Tai-Fu Xiao
- Department
of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming
Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory
of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy
of Science and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources
and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xun Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy
of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery
System, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health
Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare
& Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
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4
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Xu S, Sun L, Liu X, Zhan P. Opportunities and challenges in new HIV therapeutic discovery: what is the next step? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1195-1199. [PMID: 37561085 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2246872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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5
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Pharmacological Inhibition of IKK to Tackle Latency and Hyperinflammation in Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315000. [PMID: 36499329 PMCID: PMC9741028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV latent infection may be associated with disrupted viral RNA sensing, interferon (IFN) signaling, and/or IFN stimulating genes (ISG) activation. Here, we evaluated the use of compounds selectively targeting at the inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) complex subunits and related kinases (TBK1) as a novel pathway to reverse HIV-1 latency in latently infected non-clonal lymphoid and myeloid cell in vitro models. IKK inhibitors (IKKis) triggered up to a 1.8-fold increase in HIV reactivation in both, myeloid and lymphoid cell models. The best-in-class IKKis, targeting TBK-1 (MRT67307) and IKKβ (TCPA-1) respectively, were also able to significantly induce viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV (PLWH) ex vivo. More importantly, although none of the compounds tested showed antiviral activity, the combination of the distinct IKKis with ART did not affect the latency reactivation nor blockade of HIV infection by ART. Finally, as expected, IKKis did not upregulate cell activation markers in primary lymphocytes and innate immune signaling was blocked, resulting in downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Overall, our results support a dual role of IKKis as immune modulators being able to tackle the HIV latent reservoir in lymphoid and myeloid cellular models and putatively control the hyperinflammatory responses in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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6
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Fraker S, Atkinson B, Heredia A. Humanized mouse models for preclinical evaluation of HIV cure strategies. AIDS Rev 2022; 24:139-151. [PMID: 35622983 PMCID: PMC9643647 DOI: 10.24875/aidsrev.22000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the world is currently focused on the COVID-19 pandemic, HIV/AIDS remains a significant threat to public health. To date, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has claimed the lives of over 36 million people, while nearly 38 million people are currently living with the virus. Despite the undeniable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV, the medications are not curative. Soon after initial infection, HIV integrates into the genome of infected cells as a provirus, primarily, within CD4+ T lymphocytes and tissue macrophages. When not actively transcribed, the provirus is referred to as a latent reservoir because it is hidden to the immune system and ART. Following ART discontinuation, HIV may emerge from the replication-competent proviruses and resumes the infection of healthy cells. Thus, these latent reservoirs are a major obstacle to an HIV cure, and their removal remains a priority. A vital aspect in the development of curative therapies is the demonstration of efficacy in an animal model, such as the humanized mouse model. Therefore, optimization, standardization, and validation of the humanized mouse model are a priority. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on existing humanized mouse models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each as they pertain to HIV cure studies and to review the approaches to curative therapies that are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Fraker
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Benjamin Atkinson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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7
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Patent Highlights February-March 2022. Pharm Pat Anal 2022; 11:119-126. [PMID: 35861060 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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8
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Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery of RNA Therapeutics to Control HIV Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071352. [PMID: 35890248 PMCID: PMC9324444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of HIV infection has greatly advanced since the discovery of the virus in 1983. Treatment options have improved the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, turning it from a fatal disease into a chronic, manageable infection. Despite all this progress, a cure remains elusive. A major barrier to attaining an HIV cure is the presence of the latent viral reservoir, which is established early in infection and persists for the lifetime of the host, even during prolonged anti-viral therapy. Different cure strategies are currently being explored to eliminate or suppress this reservoir. Several studies have shown that a functional cure may be achieved by preventing infection and also inhibiting reactivation of the virus from the latent reservoir. Here, we briefly describe the main HIV cure strategies, focussing on the use of RNA therapeutics, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) to maintain HIV permanently in a state of super latency, and CRISPR gRNA to excise the latent reservoir. A challenge with progressing RNA therapeutics to the clinic is achieving effective delivery into the host cell. This review covers recent nanotechnological strategies for siRNA delivery using liposomes, N-acetylgalactosamine conjugation, inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based nanocapsules. We further discuss the opportunities and challenges of those strategies for HIV treatment.
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9
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Renault C, Bolloré K, Pisoni A, Motto-Ros C, Van de Perre P, Reynes J, Tuaillon E. Accuracy of real-time PCR and digital PCR for the monitoring of total HIV DNA under prolonged antiretroviral therapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9323. [PMID: 35665775 PMCID: PMC9167282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Total HIV DNA is a standard marker to monitor the HIV reservoir in people living with HIV. We investigated HIV DNA quantification accuracy by a real-time PCR kit (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) method within the same set of primers and probes. Among 48 aviremic patients followed for up to 7 years with qPCR, the mean coefficient of variation of total HIV DNA between two successive measurements was 77% (± 0.42log10 HIVDNA copies/106 PBMC). The total HIV DNA quantified by the two PCR methods has a high correlation (0.99 and 0.83, for 8E5 and PLHIV samples, respectively), but we observed better repeatability and reproducibility of the dPCR compared to the qPCR (CV of 11.9% vs. 24.7% for qPCR, p-value = 0.024). Furthermore, we highlighted a decay of the number of HIV copies in the 8E5 cell line qPCR standard over time (from 0.73 to 0.43 copies per cell), contributing to variations of HIV DNA results in patients whose HIV reservoir should be theoretically stabilized. Our study highlighted that absolute quantification of total HIV DNA by dPCR allows more accurate monitoring of the HIV reservoir than qPCR in patients under prolonged antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Renault
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bolloré
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Pisoni
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France.,CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Motto-Ros
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France.,CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France. .,CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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10
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Boris-Lawrie K, Singh G, Osmer PS, Zucko D, Staller S, Heng X. Anomalous HIV-1 RNA, How Cap-Methylation Segregates Viral Transcripts by Form and Function. Viruses 2022; 14:935. [PMID: 35632676 PMCID: PMC9145092 DOI: 10.3390/v14050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of m7G-cap-binding proteins is now recognized as a major variable driving the form and function of host RNAs. This manuscript compares the 5'-cap-RNA binding proteins that engage HIV-1 precursor RNAs, host mRNAs, small nuclear (sn)- and small nucleolar (sno) RNAs and sort into disparate RNA-fate pathways. Before completion of the transcription cycle, the transcription start site of nascent class II RNAs is appended to a non-templated guanosine that is methylated (m7G-cap) and bound by hetero-dimeric CBP80-CBP20 cap binding complex (CBC). The CBC is a nexus for the co-transcriptional processing of precursor RNAs to mRNAs and the snRNA and snoRNA of spliceosomal and ribosomal ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Just as sn/sno-RNAs experience hyper-methylation of m7G-cap to trimethylguanosine (TMG)-cap, so do select HIV RNAs and an emerging cohort of mRNAs. TMG-cap is blocked from Watson:Crick base pairing and disqualified from participating in secondary structure. The HIV TMG-cap has been shown to license select viral transcripts for specialized cap-dependent translation initiation without eIF4E that is dependent upon CBP80/NCBP3. The exceptional activity of HIV precursor RNAs secures their access to maturation pathways of sn/snoRNAs, canonical and non-canonical host mRNAs in proper stoichiometry to execute the retroviral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boris-Lawrie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Patrick S. Osmer
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Dora Zucko
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (G.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Seth Staller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Xiao Heng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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11
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Wen J, Li X, Zhao QX, Yang XF, Wu ML, Yan Q, Chang J, Wang H, Jin X, Su X, Deng K, Chen L, Wang JH. Pharmacological suppression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 reactivates HIV-1 from latency via activating Wnt/β-catenin/TCF1 axis in CD4 + T cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:391-405. [PMID: 34985411 PMCID: PMC8812804 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2026198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTHIV-1 latency posts a major obstacle for HIV-1 eradication. Currently, no desirable latency reversing agents (LRAs) have been implicated in the "Shock and Kill" strategy to mobilize the latently infected cells to be susceptible for clearance by immune responses. Identification of key cellular pathways that modulate HIV-1 latency helps to develop efficient LRAs. In this study, we demonstrate that the Wnt downstream β-catenin/TCF1 pathway is a crucial modulator for HIV-1 latency. The pharmacological activation of the β-catenin/TCF1 pathway with glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitors promoted transcription of HIV-1 proviral DNA and reactivated latency in CD4+ T cells; the GSK3 kinase inhibitor 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (6-BIO)-induced HIV-1 reactivation was subsequently confirmed in resting CD4+ T cells from cART-suppressed patients and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for viral latency, and provide the potent LRA that can be further used in conjunction of immunotherapies to eradicate viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xia Zhao
- Department of Infection, Zhengzhou Sixth People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Li Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihong Yan
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haikun Wang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Su
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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