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Eckstrand CD, Torrevillas BK, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Reno JL, McMenamin-Snekvik KM, Snekvik KR. Detection, sequencing, and tissue distribution of piscine orthoreovirus 2-like virus in diseased coho salmon in Alaska. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:338-345. [PMID: 38693675 PMCID: PMC11110780 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241250119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We performed a diagnostic disease investigation on a cohort of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings in Alaska exhibiting anorexia, gaping mouths, anemia, and increased mortality. Histologic examination revealed mild-to-severe myocardial degeneration and lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic myocarditis, moderate splenic histiocytosis, and mild renal histiocytosis. Piscine orthoreoviruses 1 and 3 were not detected by molecular methods, and no other viruses could be cultured on 3 common diagnostic fish cell lines. De novo assembly produced a viral genome of 10 linear segments with >80% homology to piscine orthoreovirus 2 (PRV2) encoding all 11 PRV2 proteins. An in situ hybridization probe using RNAscope was developed against 697 viral nucleotides identified by sequencing, which revealed viral genome in heart, spleen, gill, kidney, liver, blood, and the lamina propria of the intestines. Our findings are supportive of a novel piscine orthoreovirus most closely related to PRV2 associated with morbidity and mortality of coho salmon in the northeastern Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissy D. Eckstrand
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brandi K. Torrevillas
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Joetta Lynn Reno
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. McMenamin-Snekvik
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kevin R. Snekvik
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Godoy M, Montes de Oca M, Suarez R, Martinez A, Pontigo JP, Caro D, Kusch K, Coca Y, Bohle H, Bayliss S, Kibenge M, Kibenge F. Genomics of Re-Emergent Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic Salmon Outbreaks. Microorganisms 2023; 12:64. [PMID: 38257891 PMCID: PMC10819690 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, poses a significant threat to both salmonid and non-salmonid fish in diverse aquatic environments. This study explores the genomic intricacies of re-emergent A. salmonicida outbreaks in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Previous clinical cases have exhibited pathological characteristics, such as periorbital hemorrhages and gastrointestinal abnormalities. Genomic sequencing of three Chilean isolates (ASA04, ASA05, and CIBA_5017) and 25 previously described genomes determined the pan-genome, phylogenomics, insertion sequences, and restriction-modification systems. Unique gene families have contributed to an improved understanding of the psychrophilic and mesophilic clades, while phylogenomic analysis has been used to identify mesophilic and psychrophilic strains, thereby further differentiating between typical and atypical psychrophilic isolates. Diverse insertion sequences and restriction-modification patterns have highlighted genomic structural differences, and virulence factor predictions can emphasize exotoxin disparities, especially between psychrophilic and mesophilic strains. Thus, a novel plasmid was characterized which emphasized the role of plasmids in virulence and antibiotic resistance. The analysis of antibiotic resistance factors revealed resistance against various drug classes in Chilean strains. Overall, this study elucidates the genomic dynamics of re-emergent A. salmonicida and provides novel insights into their virulence, antibiotic resistance, and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.); (K.K.)
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Rudy Suarez
- Programa de Magíster en Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - Alexis Martinez
- ATC Patagonia S/N, Carretera Austral, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile;
| | - Diego Caro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Karina Kusch
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoandy Coca
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Harry Bohle
- Laboratorio InnovoGen, Egaña 198 Piso 2, Puerto Montt 5502534, Chile;
| | - Sion Bayliss
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK;
| | - Molly Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Frederick Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (M.K.); (F.K.)
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Polinski MP, Gross LA, Marty GD, Garver KA. Heart inflammation and piscine orthoreovirus genotype-1 in Pacific Canada Atlantic salmon net-pen farms: 2016-2019. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:306. [PMID: 35948980 PMCID: PMC9364591 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype-1 (PRV-1) is a virus commonly associated with Atlantic salmon aquaculture with global variability in prevalence and association with disease. From August 2016 to November 2019, 2,070 fish sampled at 64 Atlantic salmon net-pen farm sites during 302 sampling events from British Columbia, Canada, were screened for PRV-1 using real-time qPCR. Nearly all populations became PRV-1 positive within one year of seawater entry irrespective of location, time of stocking, or producer. Cohorts became infected between 100–300 days at sea in > 90% of repeatedly sampled sites and remained infected until harvest (typically 500–700 days at sea). Heart inflammation, which is sometimes attributed to PRV-1, was also assessed in 779 production mortalities from 47 cohorts with known PRV status. Mild heart inflammation was common in mortalities from both PRV + and PRV- populations (67% and 68% prevalence, respectively). Moderate and severe lymphoplasmacytic heart inflammation was rare (11% and 3% prevalence, respectively); however, mainly arose (66 of 77 occurrences) in populations with PRV-1. Detection of PRV-1 RNA was also accomplished in water and sediment for which methods are described. These data cumulatively identify that PRV-1 ubiquitously infects farmed Atlantic salmon in British Columbia during seawater production but only in rare instances correlates with heart inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Polinski
- Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T6N7, Canada. .,U.S. Department of Agriculture National Coldwater Marine Aquaculture Center, Portage Rd, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Lynden A Gross
- Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T6N7, Canada
| | - Gary D Marty
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd, Abbotsford, V3G2M3, Canada
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T6N7, Canada
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