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Carnero LCG, Dos Reis TF, Diehl C, de Castro PA, Pontes L, Pinzan CF, Goldman GH. Milteforan, a promising veterinary commercial product against feline sporotrichosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580352. [PMID: 38405873 PMCID: PMC10888911 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, the cutaneous mycosis most commonly reported in Latin America, is caused by the Sporothrix clinical clade species, including Sporothrix brasiliensis and Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto. In Brazil, S. brasiliensis represents a vital health threat to humans and domestic animals due to its zoonotic transmission. Itraconazole, terbinafine, and amphotericin B are the most used antifungals for treating sporotrichosis. However, many strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii have shown resistance to these agents, highlighting the importance of finding new therapeutic options. Here, we demonstrate that milteforan, a commercial veterinary product against dog leishmaniasis whose active principle is miltefosine, is a possible therapeutic alternative for the treatment of sporotrichosis, as observed by its fungicidal activity in vitro against different strains of S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii, and by its antifungal activity when used to treat infected epithelial cells and macrophages. Our results suggest milteforan as a possible alternative to treat feline sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García Carnero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaila F Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Diehl
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lais Pontes
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Jin W, Liu Y, Ning Q, Wu S, Su S, Zheng D, Ma S, Zou J, Yang M, Hu D, Ding H. A case of chronic wounds caused by Sporothrix schenckii infection was rapidly detected by metagenomic next generation sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24420. [PMID: 38298647 PMCID: PMC10827762 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is widely distributed in soil, vegetation, and decaying organic matter, and can cause sporotrichosis when the patient's skin trauma was exposed to contaminated material with Sporothrix spp. The cases of Sporothrix schenckii infection in chronic wounds are rarely reported. Here we reported a 53-year-old male construction worker who was admitted to our hospital on July 9, 2022, without underlying disease presented with a painless subcutaneous hard nodule on his right calf, which later ulcerated and oozed, with an enlarged wound and no fever during the course of the disease. His procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased, and necrotic histopathology suggested chronic granulomatous inflammation. Then his necrotic tissue and pus were sent for metagenomic next generation sequencing(mNGS), the result reported Sporothrix schenckii after 43 hours, which was consistent with the result of culture after 18 days. mNGS might be more useful and valuable in diseases such as sporotrichosis where it is difficult to see the yeast cells in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, KingMed Diagnostics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, KingMed Diagnostics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Qiuyue Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, KingMed Diagnostics, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Sibiao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Dongyan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shasha Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Diefei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Huarong Ding
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
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Gonçalves SS, da Cruz Bahiense Rocha I, Rediguieri BC, de Carvalho JA, Maifrede SB, Kruschewsky WLL, Falqueto A, Rodrigues AM. Human and Feline Sporotrichosis in a Reference Center of Southeastern Brazil: Genetic Differentiation, Diversity, and Antifungal Susceptibility of Sporothrix Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:831. [PMID: 37623602 PMCID: PMC10455626 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a neglected subcutaneous fungal infection that affects humans and animals worldwide caused by species belonging to the genus Sporothrix. This study aims to examine the range of genetic variations, assess molecular epidemiology significance, and explore potential modes of transmission of the Sporothrix species associated with the current sporotrichosis outbreaks in Espírito Santo, Brazil. In this investigation, 262 samples were evaluated, including 142 from humans and 120 from felines, collected between 2016 and 2021. The isolates were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Sexual idiomorphs were determined by mating-type PCR using primers specific to the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 loci. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was employed to assess the genetic variability of Sporothrix spp. Finally, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed following the CLSI M38-A2 protocol. Of the 142 human samples, 125 were identified as S. brasiliensis and 17 as S. schenckii s. str. The presence of S. brasiliensis was overwhelming (100%) during outbreaks, highlighting the significant role of domestic cats in the emergence of this species. Heterothallism was the only observed mating strategy. However, the MAT1-2 idiomorph was predominant in cases of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis (χ2 = 202.976; p < 0.0001). Our AFLP results show significant intraspecific variability observed among S. brasiliensis isolates in Espírito Santo. Different genotypes forming subgroups within the same population suggest that these isolates do not originate from a single ancestor, indicating multiple emergences. Furthermore, terbinafine was the antifungal with the best results in vitro. However, in clinical practice, itraconazole remains the primary treatment choice. Sporotrichosis continues to advance in the state; therefore, the health system must outline one-health strategies to contain the disease to prevent future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil; (I.d.C.B.R.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Isabela da Cruz Bahiense Rocha
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil; (I.d.C.B.R.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Bruno Carneiro Rediguieri
- Infectious Diseases Postgraduate Program, Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil; (I.d.C.B.R.); (B.C.R.)
| | - Jamile Ambrósio de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Simone Bravim Maifrede
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil
| | - Wdson Luis Lima Kruschewsky
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, The Clinical Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403010, Brazil;
| | - Aloísio Falqueto
- Department of Medical Clinic, Cassiano Antônio Moraes University Hospital (HUCAM), Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29043900, Brazil;
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil; (J.A.d.C.); (A.M.R.)
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Yingchanakiat K, Limsivilai O, Sunpongsri S, Niyomtham W, Lugsomya K, Yurayart C. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization and Antifungal Susceptibility of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto Isolated from a Feline Sporotrichosis Outbreak in Bangkok, Thailand. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050590. [PMID: 37233301 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, an invasive fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii, has emerged in Southeast Asia, affecting cats and posing a potential zoonotic risk to humans. We evaluated 38 feline sporotrichosis cases in and around Bangkok, Thailand, from 2017 to 2021. The isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized. The cats infected with sporotrichosis were mainly young adults, males, and domestic short hairs with uncontrolled outdoor access, and they lived in Bangkok. All isolates showed low thermotolerance and converted to the yeast phase at 35 °C. Based on the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA sequences, our strains belonged to S. schenckii sensu stricto and clustered with clinical clade D. Based on the concatenated tree of calmodulin and beta-tubulin genes, five groups of S. schenckii were generated, and the monophyletic clade, Group II, of Thai strains was recognized. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated that the MIC50 of our isolates to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and posaconazole were within the limit of the species-specific epidemiological cutoff values, suggesting that the organisms were the wild type. Addressing the outbreak of feline sporotrichosis in Thailand by providing guidelines for diagnosis and effective treatment may help control the spread of disease and reduce the risk of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Yingchanakiat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Orawan Limsivilai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supita Sunpongsri
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Waree Niyomtham
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90, South Street, Murdoch, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Chompoonek Yurayart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Of Mycelium and Men: Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030456. [PMID: 36986378 PMCID: PMC10058615 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In medical mycology, the main context of disease is iatrogenic-based disease. However, historically, and occasionally, even today, fungal diseases affect humans with no obvious risk factors, sometimes in a spectacular fashion. The field of “inborn errors of immunity” (IEI) has deduced at least some of these previously enigmatic cases; accordingly, the discovery of single-gene disorders with penetrant clinical effects and their immunologic dissection have provided a framework with which to understand some of the key pathways mediating human susceptibility to mycoses. By extension, they have also enabled the identification of naturally occurring auto-antibodies to cytokines that phenocopy such susceptibility. This review provides a comprehensive update of IEI and autoantibodies that inherently predispose humans to various fungal diseases.
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Important Mycosis of Wildlife: Emphasis on Etiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Pathology—A Review: PART 2. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151897. [PMID: 35892547 PMCID: PMC9332861 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals are an important component of the ecosystem, and play a major role in it. However, in recent years, there has been an astronomical increase in the incidence of wildlife mycotic diseases leading to wildlife extermination. It is important to note that most of these mycotic diseases are zoonotic, and since there is a lot of attention given to zoonosis of a bacterial or viral origin in recent times, it is important to look into the mycotic diseases which may have zoonotic potential. Previously, the authors expatiated on some major wildlife mycotic diseases. In this review, we shed light on the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, macroscopic and microscopic pathology, and hematological and serum biochemical findings of dermatophytosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and sporotrichosis, which are very important mycoses of wildlife.
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Carpouron JE, de Hoog S, Gentekaki E, Hyde KD. Emerging Animal-Associated Fungal Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:611. [PMID: 35736094 PMCID: PMC9225262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) estimates that fungal diseases kill around 150 people each hour, and yet they are globally overlooked and neglected. Histoplasma and Talaromyces, which are associated with wildlife, cause systemic infections that are often lethal in patients with impaired cellular immunity. Dermatophytes that cause outbreaks in human hosts are often associated with domesticated animals. Changes in human behavior have been identified as a main cause of the emergence of animal-associated fungal diseases in humans, sometimes caused by the disturbance of natural habitats. An understanding of ecology and the transmission modes of causative agents is therefore essential. Here, we focus on fungal diseases contracted from wildlife and domesticated animals, their habitats, feces and carcasses. We discuss some basic fungal lifestyles and the risk of transmission to humans and illustrate these with examples from emerging and established diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eva Carpouron
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin David Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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