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Gemez-Mata J, Moreno P, Alvarez-Torres D, Garcia-Rosado E, Bejar J, Alonso MC. Comparative Analysis of Immune Gene Transcription in Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Challenged with RGNNV or RGNNV/SJNNV Betanodaviruses. Pathogens 2024; 13:478. [PMID: 38921776 PMCID: PMC11207047 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass display different resistance-susceptibility patterns during infection with different nervous necrosis virus (NNV) species, which may derive from differences in the triggered immune response. Based on this premise, we analysed the transcription of several selected immune-related genes in sea bream experimentally infected with NNV isolates obtained from sea bass (DlNNV, RGNNV) or sea bream (SaNNV, RGNNV/SJNNV). Viral replication only occurred in SaNNV-inoculated fish; therefore, the differences between the immune response elicited by both viruses may be the key to understanding the mechanism behind the inhibition of DlNNV replication. Principal component analysis clustered samples according to the viral isolate from 1 day post infection onwards and evidenced differences in the immune response against both viruses, even though no mortalities or symptoms were recorded. The response against DlNNV is characterized by higher rtp3 transcription early after the infection, longer-lasting il-10 transcription and stronger induction of casp1 and hsp70. These genes should be targets for future studies in order to elucidate their role in hampering NNV replication in sea bream, which is essential for developing effective prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gemez-Mata
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Moreno
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Torres
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Garcia-Rosado
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Bejar
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Alonso
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Okon EM, Okocha RC, Taiwo AB, Michael FB, Bolanle AM. Dynamics of co-infection in fish: A review of pathogen-host interaction and clinical outcome. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100096. [PMID: 37250211 PMCID: PMC10213192 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infections can affect the transmission of a pathogen within a population and the pathogen's virulence, ultimately affecting the disease's dynamics. In addition, co-infections can potentially affect the host's immunological responses, clinical outcomes, survival, and disease control efficacy. Co-infections significantly impact fish production and can change several fish diseases' progression and severity. However, the effect of co-infection has only recently garnered limited attention in aquatic animals such as fish, and there is currently a dearth of studies on this topic. This study, therefore, presents an in-depth summary of the dynamics of co-infection in fish. This study reviewed the co-infection of fish pathogens, the interaction of pathogens and fish, clinical outcomes and impacts on fish immune responses, and fish survival. Most studies described the prevalence of co-infections in fish, with various parameters influencing their outcomes. Bacterial co-infection increased fish mortality, ulcerative dermatitis, and intestinal haemorrhage. Viral co-infection resulted in osmoregulatory effects, increased mortality and cytopathic effect (CPE). More severe histological alterations and clinical symptoms were related to the co-infection of fish than in single-infected fish. In parasitic co-infection, there was increased mortality, high kidney swelling index, and severe necrotic alterations in the kidney, liver, and spleen. In other cases, there were more severe kidney lesions, cartilage destruction and displacement. There was a dearth of information on mitigating co-infections in fish. Therefore, further studies on the mitigation strategies of co-infections in fish will provide valuable insights into this research area. Also, more research on the immunology of co-infection specific to each fish pathogen class (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) is imperative. The findings from such studies would provide valuable information on the relationship between fish immune systems and targeted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reuben Chukwuka Okocha
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Climate Action Research Group, Landmark University SDG 13, Nigeria
| | | | - Falana Babatunde Michael
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Life Below Water Research Group, Landmark University SDG 14, Nigeria
| | - Adeniran Moji Bolanle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001 Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Volpe E, Errani F, Zamparo S, Ciulli S. Redspotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus and the Reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV In Vitro Susceptibility against a Commercial Peroxy-Acid Biocide under Different Conditions of Use. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020076. [PMID: 36851379 PMCID: PMC9963124 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a constantly growing sector. The intensification of fish production and the movement of aquatic animals could cause the spread of infectious diseases. Remarkably, the diffusion of viral agents represents the major bottleneck for finfish production, and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is considered the most impacting disease for Mediterranean aquaculture. No effective therapies are available to contrast VER, and vaccination can be applied only in grow-out facilities. Hence, programs to minimize the sanitary risks in farms are paramount to implementing hygienic standards and biosecurity. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro virucidal activity of a peroxy-acid disinfectant (Virkon® S, DuPont, Sudbury, UK) towards the two NNV strains most widespread in the Mediterranean Sea. Remarkably, two protocols were applied to assess the virucidal activity under different conditions of use: the suspension test and the net test. The latter has been applied to evaluate the efficacy of the biocide on instruments, simulating the in-field application. The obtained results demonstrated the suitability of the tested biocide for NNV inactivation, being effective under some of the tested conditions. However, the presence of organic matter, the concentration of the product, and the application conditions can significantly affect the result of the disinfection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Samuele Zamparo
- Azienda Agricola Troticoltura Erede Rossi Silvio di Rossi Niccola, via Madonna dei Calcinai 2, 62025 Sefro, MC, Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47042 Cesenatico, FC, Italy
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Errani F, Volpe E, Riera-Ferrer E, Caffara M, Padrós F, Gustinelli A, Fioravanti M, Ciulli S. Development and diagnostic validation of a one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay as a rapid method to detect and identify Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) and its variants circulating in the Mediterranean. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273802. [PMID: 36018889 PMCID: PMC9417010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) represents one of the most threatening pathogens for Mediterranean aquaculture. Several NNV strains are currently co-circulating in the Mediterranean Basin with a high prevalence of the RGNNV genotype and the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant strain and a more limited diffusion of the SJNNV genotype and the SJNNV/RGNNV reassortant. In the present study, a one-step multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay was developed as an easy, cost-effective and rapid diagnostic technique to detect RGNNV and the reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV strain and to distinguish them from SJNNV and the reassortant SJNNV/RGNNV strain in a single RT-PCR reaction. A unique amplification profile was obtained for each genotype/reassortant enabling their rapid identification from cell culture lysates or directly from brain tissues of suspected fish. The method’s detection limit varied between 102.3 and 103.4 TCID50 ml-1 depending on viral strains. No cross-reacitivty with viruses and bacteria frequently associated with gilthead seabream, European seabass and marine environment was observed. The mRT-PCR was shown to be an accurate, rapid and affordable method to support traditional diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of VNN, being able to reduce considerably the time to identify the viral genotype or the involvement of reassortant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Errani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesenatico (FC), Italy
| | - Enrico Volpe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesenatico (FC), Italy
| | | | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Sara Ciulli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesenatico (FC), Italy
- * E-mail:
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