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Zhu Y, Zhang M, Jie Z, Guo S, Zhu Z, Tao SC. Strategic nucleic acid detection approaches for diagnosing African swine fever (ASF): navigating disease dynamics. Vet Res 2024; 55:131. [PMID: 39375775 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) and leads to significant economic losses in the pig farming industry. Given the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment, the mortality rate of ASF is alarmingly close to 100%. Consequently, the ability to rapidly and accurately detect ASFV on site and promptly identify infected pigs is critical for controlling the spread of this pandemic. The dynamics of the ASF virus load and antibody response necessitate the adoption of various detection strategies at different stages of infection, a topic that has received limited attention to date. This review offers detailed guidance for choosing appropriate ASF diagnostic techniques tailored to the clinical manifestations observed from the acute to chronic phases, including asymptomatic cases. We comprehensively summarize and evaluate the latest advancements in ASFV detection methods, such as CRISPR-based diagnostics, biosensors, and microfluidics. Additionally, we address the challenges of false negatives or positives due to ASF variants or the use of injected live attenuated vaccines. This review provides an exhaustive list of diagnostic tests suitable for detecting each stage of symptoms and potential target genes for developing new detection methods. In conclusion, we highlight the current challenges and future directions in ASFV detection, underscoring the need for continued research and innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshou Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhijun Jie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Center of Community-Based Health Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Shirafuji H, Nishi T, Kokuho T, Dang HV, Truong AD, Kitamura T, Watanabe M, Tran HTT, Masujin K. Validation of a direct multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assay for rapid detection of African swine fever virus using swine field samples in Vietnam. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:240. [PMID: 39223570 PMCID: PMC11370023 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study validates a direct multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay which was previously established for enabling rapid and simultaneous detection of African swine fever (ASF) virus (ASFV) and classical swine fever virus. The assay eliminates the need for viral nucleic acid purification using a buffer system for crude extraction and an impurity-tolerant enzyme. However, the assay had not yet been validated using field samples of ASFV-infected pigs. Therefore, to address this gap, we tested 101 samples collected from pigs in Vietnam during 2018 and 2021 for validation. RESULTS The rRT-PCR assay demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 98.8% and a specificity of 100%. Remarkably, crude samples yielded results comparable to those of purified samples, indicating the feasibility of using crude samples without compromising accuracy in ASFV detection. Our findings emphasize the effectiveness of the rRT-PCR assay for the prompt and accurate diagnosis of both swine fever viruses, which is essential for effective disease prevention and control in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kokuho
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Hoang Vu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86, Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86, Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Mizuki Watanabe
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86, Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1, Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.
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Milton AAP, Das S, Momin KM, Prasad MCB, Khan S, Priya GB, Ghatak S, Sen A, Baruah KK. Development of a novel sensitive single-tube nested PCR assay for the detection of African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 2024; 169:107. [PMID: 38647708 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal and contagious viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). It has caused significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses a serious threat to food security worldwide. Diagnostic tests with high sensitivity are essential for the effective management of ASF. Here, we describe a single-tube nested PCR (STN-PCR) assay for the detection of ASFV in which two consecutive amplification steps are carried out within a single tube. Two pairs of primers (outer and inner) were designed to target the p72 gene of ASFV. The primer concentrations, annealing temperatures, and number of amplification cycles were optimized to ensure the consecutive utilization of outer and inner primer pairs during amplification while minimizing the likelihood of amplicon contamination. In comparison with two conventional endpoint PCR assays (one of which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health), the newly developed STN-PCR assay demonstrated a 100-fold improvement in the limit of detection (LOD), detecting 100 copies of ASFV genomic DNA, whereas the endpoint PCR assays could detect no fewer than 10,000 copies. The clinical performance of the STN-PCR assay was validated using 95 tissue samples suspected of being positive for ASFV, and the assay showed 100% specificity. A Cohen's kappa value of 0.91 indicated perfect agreement between the assays. This new STN-PCR assay is a potentially valuable tool that will facilitate the control of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Das
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - M C B Prasad
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sabia Khan
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - G Bhuvana Priya
- College of Agriculture (CAU, Imphal), Kyrdemkulai, Meghalaya, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - K K Baruah
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
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4
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Qin G, Sun W, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhao J. On-site detection and differentiation of African swine fever virus variants using an orthogonal CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based assay. iScience 2024; 27:109050. [PMID: 38571763 PMCID: PMC10987800 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) and its variants have induced substantial economic losses in China, prompting a critical need for efficient detection methods. Several PCR-based methods have been developed to discriminate between wild-type ASFV and gene-deleted variants. However, the requirement for sophisticated equipment and skilled operators limits their use in field settings. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based detection assay that can identify ASFV variants with minimal equipment requirements and a short turnaround time. The assay utilizes the distinct DNA/RNA collateral cleavage preferences of Cas12b/Cas13a to detect two amplified targets from multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in a single tube, and the results can be visualized through fluorescent or lateral-flow readouts. When tested with clinical samples in field settings, our assay successfully detected all ASFV-positive samples in less than 60 min. This assay provides a rapid on-site surveillance tool for detecting ASFV and its emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Shi K, Qian X, Shi Y, Wei H, Pan Y, Long F, Zhou Q, Mo S, Hu L, Li Z. A triplex crystal digital PCR for the detection of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1351596. [PMID: 38628942 PMCID: PMC11019002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1351596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in pigs. It keeps spreading around the world, posing a severe socioeconomic risk and endangering biodiversity and domestic food security. ASF first outbroke in China in 2018, and has spread to most provinces nationwide. Genotypes I and II ASF virus (ASFV) as the etiological pathogens have been found in China. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and probes targeting the ASFV B646L gene, F1055L gene, and E183L gene were designed to detect universal, genotype I, and genotype II strains, respectively. A triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) was established on the basis of optimizing various reaction conditions. The assay demonstrated remarkably sensitive with low limits of detection (LODs) of 5.120, 4.218, 4.588 copies/reaction for B646L, F1055L, and E183L gene, respectively; excellent repeatability with 1.24-2.01% intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) and 1.32-2.53% inter-assay CVs; good specificity for only detection of genotypes I and II ASFV, without cross-reactivity with PCV2, PRV, SIV, PRRSV, PEDV, FMDV, and CSFV. The triplex cdPCR was used to test 1,275 clinical samples from Guangxi province of China, and the positivity rates were 5.05, 3.22, and 1.02% for genotype I, genotype II, and co-infection of genotypes I and II, respectively. These 1,275 clinical samples were also detected using a reported reference triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the agreements of detection results between these two methods were more than 98.98%. In conclusion, the developed triplex cdPCR could be used as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method to detect and differentiate genotypes I and II strains of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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Martínez-Avilés M. African Swine Fever: Epidemiology, the Design of New Diagnostic Methods, and Vaccine Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:1042. [PMID: 37624002 PMCID: PMC10459364 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a pandemic viral disease that poses a major threat to the health of wild and domestic pigs, national economies, and subsistence livelihoods around the world [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Avilés
- Infectious Diseases and Global Health Department, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Novel sensitive isothermal-based diagnostic technique for the detection of African swine fever virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:79. [PMID: 36740635 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple, and sensitive diagnostic technique for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) nucleic acid was developed for testing clinical samples in the field or resource-constrained settings. In the current study, the saltatory rolling-circle amplification (SRCA) technique was used for the first time to detect ASFV. The technique was developed using World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-approved primers targeting the p72 gene of the ASFV genome. The assay can be performed within 90 minutes at an isothermal temperature of 58°C without a requirement for sophisticated instrumentation. The results can be interpreted by examination with the naked eye with the aid of SYBR Green dye. This assay exhibited 100% specificity, producing amplicons only from ASFV-positive samples, and there was no cross-reactivity with other pathogenic viruses and bacteria of pigs that were tested. The lower limits of detection of SRCA, endpoint PCR, and real-time PCR assays were 48.4 copies/µL, 4.84 × 103 copies/µL, and 4.84 × 103 copies/µL, respectively. Thus, the newly developed SRCA assay was found to be 100 times more sensitive than endpoint and real-time PCR assays. Clinical tissue samples obtained from ASFV-infected domestic pigs and other clinical samples collected during 2020-22 from animals with suspected ASFV infection were tested using the SRCA assay, and a 100% accuracy rate, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were demonstrated. The results indicate that the SRCA assay is a simple yet sensitive method for the detection of ASFV that may improve the diagnostic capacity of field laboratories, especially during outbreaks. This novel diagnostic technique is completely compliant with the World Health Organization's "ASSURED" criteria advocated for disease diagnosis, as it is affordable, specific, sensitive, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable. Therefore, this SRCA assay may be preferable to other complex molecular techniques for diagnosing African swine fever.
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Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
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