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Stewart CF, McGoldrick P, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD, Maclean M. Microbial reduction of prebagged human plasma using 405 nm light and its effects on coagulation factors. AMB Express 2024; 14:66. [PMID: 38842656 PMCID: PMC11156813 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is the most prevalent infectious complication of blood transfusion in the developed world. To mitigate this, several ultraviolet light-based pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), some of which require photo-chemicals, have been developed to minimize infection transmission. Relative to UV light, visible 405-nm light is safer and has shown potential to be developed as a PRT for the in situ treatment of ex vivo human plasma and platelet concentrates, without the need for photo-chemicals. This study investigates the effect of 405-nm light on human plasma, with focus on the compatibility of antimicrobial light doses with essential plasma clotting factors. To determine an effective antimicrobial dose that is compatible with plasma, prebagged human plasma (up to 300 mL) was seeded with common microbial contaminants and treated with increasing doses of 405-nm light (16 mW cm-2; ≤ 403 J cm-2). Post-exposure plasma protein integrity was investigated using an AOPP assay, in vitro coagulation tests, and ELISA-based measurement of fibrinogen and Protein S. Microbial contamination in 300 mL prebagged human plasma was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) after exposure to ≤ 288 J cm-2, with microbial loads reduced by > 96.2%. This dose did not significantly affect the plasma protein quality parameters tested (P > 0.05). Increased doses (≥ 345 J cm-2) resulted in a 4.3% increase in clot times with no statistically significant change in protein activity or levels. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the effective microbicidal 405 light dose shows little to no negative effect on plasma quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Preston McGoldrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Jackson JW, Kaldhone PR, Parunov LA, Stewart CF, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M, Atreya CD. Human platelet concentrates treated with microbicidal 405 nm light retain hemostasis activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 255:112922. [PMID: 38677260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Chemical and UV light-based pathogen reduction technologies are currently in use for human platelet concentrates (PCs) to enhance safety from transfusion-transmitted infections. Relative to UV light, 405 nm violet-blue light in the visible spectrum is known to be less harmful. Hence, in this report for the first time, we have assessed the global hemostasis activity of PCs stored in plasma and the activities of six plasma coagulation factors (CFs) as a measure of in vitro hemostatic activity following exposure to the microbicidal 405 nm light. Apheresis PC samples collected from each screened human donor (n = 22) were used for testing of PCs and platelet poor plasma (PPP). Both PCs and PPPs were treated for 5 h with 405 nm light to achieve a previously established microbicidal light dose of 270 J/cm2. Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time-based potency assays using a coagulation analyzer and hemostatic capacity via Thromboelastography were analyzed. Thromboelastography analysis of the light-treated PCs and plasma present in the PCs showed little difference between the treated and untreated samples. Further, plasma present in the PCs during the light treatment demonstrated a better stability in potency assays for several coagulation factors compared to the plasma alone prepared from PCs first and subjected to the light treatment separately. Overall, PCs stored in plasma treated with 405 nm violet-blue light retain activity for hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Jackson
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Pravin R Kaldhone
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Leonid A Parunov
- Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Kaldhone PR, Azodi N, Markle HL, Dahiya N, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Nakhasi HL, Gannavaram S, Atreya C. The Preclinical Validation of 405 nm Light Parasiticidal Efficacy on Leishmania donovani in Ex Vivo Platelets in a Rag2 -/- Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:280. [PMID: 38399684 PMCID: PMC10893240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Violet-blue light of 405 nm in the visible spectrum at a dose of 270 J/cm2 alone has been shown to be an effective microbicidal tool for inactivating several bacteria, HIV-1, and Trypanosoma cruzi in ex vivo plasma and platelets. Unlike chemical- and ultraviolet (UV)-based pathogen inactivation methods for plasma and platelet safety, 405 nm light is shown to be less toxic to host cells at light doses that are microbicidal. In this report, we evaluated the parasiticidal activity of a 405 nm light treatment on platelets spiked with the Leishmania donovani parasite. Following the light treatment, parasite viability was observed to be near zero in both low- and high-titer-spiked platelets relative to controls. Furthermore, to test the residual infectivity after inactivation in vivo, the light-treated low-titer L. donovani-spiked platelets were evaluated in an immunodeficient Rag2-/- mouse model and monitored for 9 weeks. The parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light was evident from the lack of a presence of parasites in the mice spleens. Parasiticidal activity was confirmed to be mediated through 405 nm light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), as quantitatively measured by a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)-based assay. Overall, these results confirm the complete inactivation of L. donovani spiked in ex vivo platelets by 405 nm light treatment and exemplify the utility of the Rag2-/- mouse infection model for the preclinical validation of the parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light and this light-based technology as a potential PRT for ex vivo platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin R. Kaldhone
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Nazli Azodi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Hannah L. Markle
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - John Anderson
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Scott MacGregor
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Chintamani Atreya
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
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Sun J, Dahiya N, Schmitt T, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Beger RD, Atreya CD. Metabolomics evaluation of the photochemical impact of violet-blue light (405 nm) on ex vivo platelet concentrates. Metabolomics 2023; 19:88. [PMID: 37855954 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbicidal violet-blue light in the visible spectrum (405 nm) has been under evaluation for pathogen inactivation in ex vivo human plasma and platelets (PLTs) stored in plasma. Results to date have demonstrated that several blood-borne infectious disease-causing pathogens can be successfully reduced to significantly low levels in the light-treated plasma and PLTs. METHOD In order to evaluate whether the microbicidal 405 nm light is safe for the treatment of PLT concentrates for pathogen inactivation, LC/MS-based metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate the overall impact of 405 nm violet-blue light treatment on ex vivo PLT concentrates suspended in plasma and on plasma itself, and to identify metabolome changes in intra-platelet and extra-cellular medium (i.e., plasma). RESULTS The metabolomics data identified that platelet activating factors (PAFs), agonists and prostaglandins, which can influence PLT basic functions such as integrity, activation, and aggregation potential were unaltered, suggesting that 405 nm light illumination is safe regarding PLT basic functions. Distinct increases in hydroxyl fatty acids and aldehydes, as well as decreases in antioxidant metabolites indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated at high levels after only one hour of exposure to 405 nm light. Distinctly changed endogenous photosensitizer metabolites after 1 h of light exposure provided good evidence that 405 nm light was an effective microbicide acting through ROS mechanism and no external additive photosensitizers were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Sun
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Jana S, Heaven MR, Dahiya N, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Alayash AI, Atreya C. Antimicrobial 405 nm violet-blue light treatment of ex vivo human platelets leads to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and potential alteration of Phospho-proteome. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 241:112672. [PMID: 36871490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Continued efforts to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) through blood and blood components led to the development of ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation technologies known as pathogen reduction technologies (PRT) to enhance blood safety. While these PRTs demonstrate germicidal efficiency, it is generally accepted that these photoinactivation techniques have limitations as they employ treatment conditions shown to compromise the quality of the blood components. During ex vivo storage, platelets having mitochondria for energy production suffer most from the consequences of UV irradiation. Recently, application of visible violet-blue light in the 400-470 nm wavelength range has been identified as a relatively more compatible alternative to UV light. Hence, in this report, we evaluated 405 nm light-treated platelets to assess alterations in energy utilization by measuring different mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters, glycolytic flux, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we employed untargeted data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry to characterize platelet proteomic differences in protein regulation after the light treatment. Overall, our analyses demonstrate that ex vivo treatment of human platelets with antimicrobial 405 nm violet-blue light leads to mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming to survive the treatment, and alters a fraction of platelet proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirsendu Jana
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Michael R Heaven
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Scott MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Chintamani Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Clemente CF, de Alcântara S, da Silva LMAV, Esteves LMB, Catelan A, Aidar KMS, Fagundes TC, Briso ALF. Direct dentin bleaching: Would it be possible? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103121. [PMID: 36126830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate in vitro the effect of violet LED when applied directly to dentin tissue pigmented by different substances. We analyzed the chromatic alteration, the bleaching effect and the temperature variation. Hence, 60 bovine dentin tissue discs were divided into five groups: NNatural Pigmentation; T-Black Tea; C-Soluble Coffee; W-Red Wine; B-Equine Blood. Individualized pigmentation protocols were performed and all groups reached the same chromatic change value. Subsequently, we simultaneously performed a bleaching session and measured temperature variation using a K-type thermocouple device. Data on chromatic change (∆E, ∆E00, ∆a, ∆b and ∆L), whitening effect (WID) and temperature variation were subjected to one-way Anova and Tukey's post-test at a 5% significance level. The C group showed the most relevant chromatic change values, similar to the N group, responding positively to the treatment. However, the B group differed from the control group, which showed difficulty to respond to the treatment. Regarding the whitening index, only the W group showed lower results than the others. The B group showed the greatest temperature changes. We conclude that the violet LED offered chromatic change, which generated a bleaching effect. Pigmentations with red wine and blood showed the greatest difficulty to respond to treatment, also promoting a higher temperature rise in teeth pigmented with blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferro Clemente
- Undergraduate Student in Dentistry at the Faculty of Araçatuba, UNESP Faculty of Dentistry, José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Sibele de Alcântara
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), School of Dentistry, José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria Alves Valentim da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), School of Dentistry, José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Lara Maria Bueno Esteves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), School of Dentistry, José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Anderson Catelan
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western São Paulo, José Bongiovani, 700, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Milaré Seiscento Aidar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University, (UNESP), School of Dentistry, José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Ticiane Cestari Fagundes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry Araçatuba, José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP CEP-16015-050, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry Araçatuba, José Bonifácio, 1193, Vila Mendonça, Araçatuba, SP CEP-16015-050, Brazil.
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