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Yang Y, Lin Y, Han Z, Wang B, Zheng W, Wei L. Ferroptosis: a novel mechanism of cell death in ophthalmic conditions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1440309. [PMID: 38994366 PMCID: PMC11236620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1440309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death proposed in recent years, is characterized mainly by reactive oxygen species and iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and differs from programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Ferroptosis is associated with a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis can aggravate or reduce the occurrence and development of diseases by targeting metabolic pathways and signaling pathways in tumors, ischemic organ damage, and other degenerative diseases related to lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis is closely linked to the onset and progression of various ophthalmic conditions, including corneal injury, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinoblastoma. Our review of the current research on ferroptosis in ophthalmic diseases reveals significant advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis, aetiology, and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Naniing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyu Han
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Naniing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Ophthalmology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Ophthalmology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Ophthalmology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Vohra M, Gour A, Rajput J, Sangwan B, Chauhan M, Goel K, Kamath A, Mathur U, Chandru A, Sangwan VS, Bhowmick T, Tiwari A. Chemical (Alkali) Burn-Induced Neurotrophic Keratitis Model in New Zealand Rabbit Investigated Using Medical Clinical Readouts and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy (IVCM). Cells 2024; 13:379. [PMID: 38474343 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemical eye injury is an acute emergency that can result in vision loss. Neurotrophic keratitis (NK) is the most common long-term manifestation of chemical injury. NK due to alkali burn affects ocular surface health and is one of its most common causes. Here, we established a rabbit model of corneal alkali burns to evaluate the severity of NK-associated changes. MATERIAL METHODS Alkali burns were induced in NZ rabbits by treating the cornea with (i) a 5 mm circular filter paper soaked in 0.75 N NaOH for 10 s (Mild NK) and (ii) trephination using a guarded trephine (5 mm diameter and 150-micron depth), followed by alkali burn, with a 5 mm circular filter paper soaked in 0.75 N NaOH for 10 s (a severe form of NK). Immediately after, the cornea was rinsed with 10 mL of normal saline to remove traces of NaOH. Clinical features were evaluated on Day 0, Day 1, Day 7, Day 15, and Day 21 post-alkali burn using a slit lamp, Pentacam, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). NK-like changes in epithelium, sub-basal nerve plexus, and stroma were observed using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and corneal sensation were measured using an aesthesiometer post alkali injury. After 21 days, pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated for inflammation through ELISA. RESULTS Trephination followed by alkali burn resulted in the loss of epithelial layers (manifested using fluorescein stain), extensive edema, and increased corneal thickness (550 µm compared to 380 µm thickness of control) evaluated through AS-OCT and increased opacity score in alkali-treated rabbit (80 compared to 16 controls). IVCM images showed complete loss of nerve fibers, which failed to regenerate over 30 days, and loss of corneal sensation-conditions associated with NK. Cytokines evaluation of IL6, VEGF, and MMP9 indicated an increased angiogenic and pro-inflammatory milieu compared to the milder form of NK and the control. DISCUSSION Using clinical parameters, we demonstrated that the alkali-treated rabbit model depicts features of NK. Using IVCM in the NaOH burn animal model, we demonstrated a complete loss of nerve fibers with poor self-healing capability associated with sub-basal nerve degeneration and compromised corneal sensation. This pre-clinical rabbit model has implications for future pre-clinical research in neurotrophic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Vohra
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Abha Gour
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Jyoti Rajput
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Bharti Sangwan
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Kartik Goel
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Ajith Kamath
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Umang Mathur
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Arun Chandru
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Virender Singh Sangwan
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Shroff-Pandorum Center for Ocular Regeneration, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
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Mondal M, Vohra M, Sangwan J, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Chandru A, Bhowmick T, Sangwan VS, Acharya M, Tiwari A. In vitro Assay to Examine the Function of Tears on Corneal Epithelial Cells. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4910. [PMID: 38213327 PMCID: PMC10777051 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tears contain numerous secreted factors, enzymes, and proteins that help in maintaining the homeostatic condition of the eye and also protect it from the external environment. However, alterations to these enzymes and/or proteins during pathologies such as mechanical injury and viral or fungal infections can disrupt the normal ocular homeostasis, further contributing to disease development. Several tear film components have a significant role in curbing disease progression and promoting corneal regeneration. Additionally, several factors related to disease progression are secreted into the tear film, thereby serving as a valuable reservoir of biomarkers. Tears are readily available and can be collected via non-invasive techniques or simply from contact lenses. Tears can thus serve as a valuable and easy source for studying disease-specific biomarkers. Significant advancements have been made in recent years in the field of tear film proteomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics to allow a better understanding of how tears can be utilized to gain insight into the etiology of diseases. These advancements have enabled us to study the pathophysiology of various disease states using tear samples. However, the mechanisms by which tears help to maintain corneal homeostasis and how they are able to form the first line of defense against pathogens remain poorly understood and warrant detailed in vitro studies. Herein, we have developed an in vitro assay to characterize the functional importance of patient isolated tears and their components on corneal epithelial cells. This novel approach closely mimics real physiological conditions and could help the researchers gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of ocular pathologies and develop new treatments. Key features • This method provides a new technique for analyzing the effect of tear components on human corneal epithelial cells. • The components of the tears that are altered in response to diseases can be used as a biomarker for detecting ocular complications. • This procedure can be further employed as an in vitro model for assessing the efficacy of drugs and discover potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehak Vohra
- Pandorum technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | - Jyoti Sangwan
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Verma
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, New Delhi, India
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Arun Chandru
- Pandorum technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
| | | | - Virender S. Sangwan
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Acharya
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Eicher-Shroff Center for Stem Cell Research, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Department of Cornea, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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