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Jin J, Liu M, Yu F, Sun MA, Wu Z. METTL3 enhances E. coli F18 resistance by targeting IKBKG/NF-κB signaling via an m 6A-YTHDF1-dependent manner in IPEC-J2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130101. [PMID: 38346619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli F18 introduces enormous losses to the porcine industry. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a ubiquitous epitranscriptomic biomarker that modulates host cell resistance to pathogen infection, however, its significance in E. coli F18-treated IPEC-J2 cells remains unexplored. Herein, we revealed that m6A and associated modulators strongly controlled E. coli F18 susceptibility. The data indicated an enhancement of METTL3 contents in E. coli F18-treated IPEC-J2 cells. METTL3 is known to be a major modulator of E. coli F18 adhesion within IPEC-J2 cells. As expected, METTL3 deficiency was observed to reduce m6A content at the IKBKG 5'-UTR, leading to critical suppression of YTHDF1-dependent IKBKG translation. Therefore, the activation of the NF-κB axis was observed, which enhanced IPEC-J2 resistance to E. coli F18 infection. Taken together, these findings uncover a potential mechanism underlying the m6A-mediated control of E. coli F18 susceptibility. This information may contribute to the establishment of new approaches for combating bacteria-induced diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fuying Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Shi X, Yu L, Huang R, Bao W, Wu S, Wu Z. Identification of a 5-Methylcytosine Site (mC-7) That May Inhibit CXCL11 Expression and Regulate E. coli F18 Susceptibility in IPEC-J2 Cells. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110600. [PMID: 36356076 PMCID: PMC9698616 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary pathogen causing post-weaning diarrhea in piglets is Escherichia coli F18 (E. coli F18), hence it is essential to investigate the mechanism governing E. coli F18 resistance in native pig breeds. Based on the previous RNA-seq results of the duodenum from E. coli F18-resistant and -susceptible Meishan piglets, CXCL11, an important functional gene, was preliminarily screened. In this investigation, in order to further examine the expression regulation mechanism of E. coli F18 in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) against E. coli F18 infection, CXCL11 gene expression on IPEC-J2 cells infected by E. coli F18 was detected, which was significantly downregulated (p < 0.01). Secondly, the overexpression on the IPEC-J2 cell line was successfully structured, and a relative quantification method of the PILIN, bacteria enumeration, and immunofluorescence assay indicated that the CXCL11 overexpression significantly reduced the ability of E. coli F18 to interact with IPEC-J2 in vitro. The promoter region of the CXCL11 gene was predicted to contain a CpG island (−619 ~ −380 bp) of which 13 CpG sites in the sequencing region were methylated to varying degrees, and the methylation level of one CPG site (mC-7) positively linked negatively with the expression of the CXCL11 gene (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, a dual luciferase assay detected the mutation of the mC-7 site that significantly inhibited the luciferase activity of the CXCL11 gene promoter (p < 0.01). Transcription factor prediction and expression verification indicated that mC-7 is located in the OSR1-binding domain, and that its expression level is related to E. coli F18 susceptibility. We speculated that methylation modification of the mC-7 site of the CpG island in the promoter region of the CXCL11 gene might inhibit the binding of transcription factor OSR1 with the mC-7 site, and then affect its expression level to regulate the susceptibility to E. coli F18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Shi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Luchen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rufeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Z.W.)
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Phillippi DT, Daniel S, Nguyen KN, Penaredondo BA, Lund AK. Probiotics Function as Immunomodulators in the Intestine in C57Bl/6 Male Mice Exposed to Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Particles on a High-Fat Diet. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091445. [PMID: 35563751 PMCID: PMC9101602 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal a correlation between air pollution exposure and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, yet few studies have investigated the role of inhaled particulate matter on intestinal integrity in conjunction with a high-fat (HF) diet. Additionally, there is currently limited information on probiotics in mitigating air-pollutant responses in the intestines. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that exposure to inhaled diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and a HF diet can alter intestinal integrity and inflammation, which can be attenuated with probiotics. 4-6-w-old male C57Bl/6 mice on a HF diet (45% kcal fat) were randomly assigned to be exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to 35 µg of DEP suspended in 35 µL of 0.9% sterile saline or sterile saline (CON) only twice a week for 4 w. A subset of mice was treated with 0.3 g/day of Winclove Ecologic® barrier probiotics (PRO) in drinking water throughout the duration of the study. Our results show that DEP exposure ± probiotics resulted in increased goblet cells and mucin (MUC)-2 expression, as determined by AB/PAS staining. Immunofluorescent quantification and/or RT-qPCR showed that DEP exposure increases claudin-3, occludin, zona occludens (ZO)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, and decreases tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 expression compared to CON. DEP exposure + probiotics increases expression of claudin-3, occludin, ZO-1, TNF-α, and IL-10 and decreases MMP-9 and TLR-4 compared to CON + PRO in the small intestine. Collectively, these results show that DEP exposure alters intestinal integrity and inflammation in conjunction with a HF diet. Probiotics proved fundamental in understanding the role of the microbiome in protecting and altering inflammatory responses in the intestines following exposure to inhaled DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amie K. Lund
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(940)-369-8946; Fax: +1-(940)-565-4297
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ClearColi as a platform for untagged pneumococcal surface protein A production: cultivation strategy, bioreactor culture, and purification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1011-1029. [PMID: 35024919 PMCID: PMC8755982 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have searched for new antigens to produce pneumococcal vaccines that are more effective and could provide broader coverage, given the great number of serotypes causing pneumococcal diseases. One of the promising subunit vaccine candidates is untagged recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA4Pro), obtainable in high quantities using recombinant Escherichia coli as a microbial factory. However, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in E. coli cell extracts must be removed, in order to obtain the target protein at the required purity, which makes the downstream process more complex and expensive. Endotoxin-free E. coli strains, which synthesize a nontoxic mutant LPS, may offer a cost-effective alternative way to produce recombinant proteins for application as therapeutics. This paper presents an investigation of PspA4Pro production employing the endotoxin-free recombinant strain ClearColi® BL21(DE3) with different media (defined, auto-induction, and other complex media), temperatures (27, 32, and 37 °C), and inducers. In comparison to conventional E. coli cells in a defined medium, ClearColi presented similar PspA4Pro yields, with lower productivities. Complex medium formulations supplemented with salts favored PspA4Pro yields, titers, and ClearColi growth rates. Induction with isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (0.5 mM) and lactose (2.5 g/L) together in a defined medium at 32 °C, which appeared to be a promising cultivation strategy, was reproduced in 5 L bioreactor culture, leading to a yield of 146.0 mg PspA4Pro/g dry cell weight. After purification, the cell extract generated from ClearColi led to 98% purity PspA4Pro, which maintained secondary structure and biological function. ClearColi is a potential host for industrial recombinant protein production. Key points • ClearColi can produce as much PspA4Pro as conventional E. coli BL21(DE3) cells. • 10.5 g PspA4Pro produced in ClearColi bioreactor culture using a defined medium. • Functional PspA4Pro (98% of purity) was obtained in ClearColi bioreactor culture.Graphical abstract ![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11758-9.
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Transcriptional response of cultured porcine intestinal epithelial cells to micro algae extracts in the presence and absence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:8. [PMID: 30923583 PMCID: PMC6423797 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Micro algae's are worldwide considered as an alternative source of proteins in diets for animals and humans. Micro algae also produce an array of biological active substances with potential to induce beneficial and health promoting effects. To better understand the mode of action of micro algae's when applied as additive in diets, porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), stressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or under non-stressed conditions, were exposed to micro algae extracts and changes in gene expression were recorded. Methods IPEC-J2 cells were exposed for 2 and 6 h to extracts prepared from the biomass of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (C), Haematococcus pluvialis (H), Spirulina platensis (S), or a mixture of Scenedesmus obliques and Chlorella sorokiniana (AM), in the absence and presence of ETEC. Gene expression in cells was measured using porcine "whole genome" microarrays. Results The micro algae extracts alone enhanced the expression of a set of genes coding for proteins with biological activity that are secreted from cells. These secreted proteins (hereafter denoted as effector proteins; EPs) may regulate processes like remodelling of the extracellular matrix, activation of an antiviral/bacterial response and oxygen homeostasis in the intestine and periphery. Elevated gene expression of immunostimulatory proteins CCL17, CXCL2, CXCL8 (alias IL8), IFNA, IFNL1, HMOX1, ITGB3, and THBS1 was observed in response to all four extracts in the absence or presence of ETEC. For several of these immunostimulatory proteins no elevated expression was observed when cells were exposed to ETEC alone. Furthermore, all extracts highly stimulated expression of an antisense RNA of the mitochondrial/peroxisome symporter SLC25A21 gene in ETEC-challenged cells. Inhibition of SLC25A21 translation by this antisense RNA may impose a concentration gradient of 2-oxoadipic and 2-oxoglutarate, both metabolites of fatty acid β-oxidation, between the cytoplasm and the interior of these organelles. Conclusions Exposure of by ETEC stressed intestinal epithelium cells to micro algae extracts affected "fatty acid β-oxidation", ATP and reactive oxygen species production and (de) hydroxylation of lysine residues in procollagen chains in these cells. Elevated gene expression of specific EPs and immunostimulatory proteins indicated that micro algae extracts, when used as feed/food additive, can steer an array of metabolic and immunological processes in the intestines of humans and monogastric animals stressed by an enteric bacterial pathogen.
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Subramenium GA, Sabui S, Marchant JS, Said HM, Subramanian VS. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin inhibits intestinal ascorbic acid uptake via a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G55-G63. [PMID: 30285481 PMCID: PMC6383388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00259.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an antioxidant and acts as a cofactor for many enzymatic reactions. Humans obtain vitamin C from dietary sources via intestinal absorption, a process that involves the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters-1 and -2 (SVCT1 and SVCT2). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection impacts intestinal absorption/secretory functions, but nothing is known about its effect on ascorbic acid (AA) uptake. Here we demonstrate that infection of Caco-2 cells with ETEC led to a significant inhibition in intestinal AA uptake. This inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in hSVCT1 and hSVCT2 protein, mRNA, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression levels as well as significant inhibition in the activity of both the SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 promoters. Similarly, exposure of mice to ETEC led to a significant inhibition in intestinal AA uptake and reduction in mSVCT1 and mSVCT2 protein, mRNA, and hnRNA expression levels. Inhibition was caused by the action of heat labile enterotoxin (LT), since infecting Caco-2 cells with LT-deficient ETEC (ΔLT) failed to impact AA uptake. Because LT activates adenylate cyclase, we also examined the effect of dibutyryl-cAMP in AA uptake by Caco-2 cells and observed a significant inhibition. Furthermore, treating the cells with celastrol, a specific NF-κB inhibitor, significantly blocked the inhibition of AA uptake caused by ETEC infection. Together, these data demonstrate that ETEC infection impairs intestinal AA uptake through a cAMP-dependent NF-κB-mediated pathway that regulates both SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 transcription. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings demonstrate that heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli inhibits AA uptake in intestinal epithelial cells and mouse intestine. This effect is mediated through transcriptional repression of SLC23A1 (SVCT1) and SLC23A2 (SVCT2) via a cAMP-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy A. Subramenium
- 1Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,3Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Subrata Sabui
- 1Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California,3Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Jonathan S. Marchant
- 4Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hamid M. Said
- 1Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California,3Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Veedamali S. Subramanian
- 1Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California,3Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
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SseL Deubiquitinates RPS3 to Inhibit Its Nuclear Translocation. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040086. [PMID: 30405005 PMCID: PMC6313570 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems to deliver virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells to counteract innate immunity. The ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) guides NF-κB subunits to specific κB sites and plays an important role in the innate response to bacterial infection. Two E. coli effectors inhibit RPS3 nuclear translocation. NleH1 inhibits RPS3 phosphorylation by IKK-β, an essential aspect of the RPS3 nuclear translocation process. NleC proteolysis of p65 generates an N-terminal p65 fragment that competes for full-length p65 binding to RPS3, thus also inhibiting RPS3 nuclear translocation. Thus, E. coli has multiple mechanisms by which to block RPS3-mediated transcriptional activation. With this in mind, we considered whether other enteric pathogens also encode T3SS effectors that impact this important host regulatory pathway. Here we report that the Salmonella Secreted Effector L (SseL), which was previously shown to function as a deubiquitinase and inhibit NF-κB signaling, also inhibits RPS3 nuclear translocation by deubiquitinating this important host transcriptional co-factor. RPS3 deubiquitination by SseL was restricted to K63-linkages and mutating the active-site cysteine of SseL abolished its ability to deubiquitinate and subsequently inhibit RPS3 nuclear translocation. Thus, Salmonella also encodes at least one T3SS effector that alters RPS3 activities in the host nucleus.
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