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Ros A, Brinker A. Thermotactic behaviour in lacustrine and riverine forms of Salmo trutta and its relevance to an emerging parasitic disease (PKD) in the wake of climate change. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13539. [PMID: 38866937 PMCID: PMC11169546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermotactic response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) was examined with the goal to investigate potential effects of the emerging temperature-dependent fatal trout disease PKD (proliferative kidney disease). First the differences in cold-water preferences of two forms of brown trout, lacustrine (migratory) and riverine, were determined. Second, it was studied whether this preference was changed in fish infected with PKD. The experiment involved a one-week habituation period at 14 °C in a two-chamber runway followed by a week of 3 °C temperature difference between the two runways. The fish could freely move between lanes via an opening at the end where food was provided. The temperature manipulation was repeated twice, and there were 3 trials per experimental group. All fish developed a clear spatial preference in the test. Lacustrine trout demonstrated a preference for warmer water, while riverine trout preferred cooler water. This may increase the risk to PKD in the lacustrine form. Most strikingly, riverine trout experimentally exposed to Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the parasite that causes PKD, demonstrated stronger cold-seeking behaviour than control fish. Cold seeking behaviour suggests the occurrence of a disease-induced behavioural chill response, which may play an important role in disease recovery. This demonstrates the significance of protecting river connectivity and cold-water sanctuaries as management strategies for preserving salmonid populations in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ros
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Argenweg 50/1, 88085, Langenargen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Argenweg 50/1, 88085, Langenargen, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
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Fiedler S, Schrader H, Theobalt N, Hofmann I, Geiger T, Arndt D, Wanke R, Schwaiger J, Blutke A. Standardized tissue sampling guidelines for histopathological and molecular analyses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in ecotoxicological studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288542. [PMID: 37440561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In ecotoxicology, evaluation of toxicities and no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) of test compounds in experimental fish is commonly based on molecular-, biochemical- and analytical chemistry analyses of organ/tissue samples and the assessment of (histo-) pathological lesions. Standardization of organ/tissue sampling locations, sample numbers, and sample processing contributes to warrant the reproducibility and inter- and intra-study comparability of analysis results. The present article provides the first comprehensive tissue sampling guidelines specifically adapted to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a frequently used fish species in ecotoxicological studies. A broad spectrum of ~40 different organs and tissues is covered. Appropriate sampling locations, sample sizes and sample numbers for subsequent routine histopathological evaluation (all organs/tissue) and for molecular analyses (~30 organs/tissues) are described in detail and illustrated with schematic drawings and representative macroscopic and histological images. These field-proven sampling guidelines were developed based on the pertinent literature and practical experience in ecotoxicological fish studies. They are intended to serve as a standard reference for any routine ecotoxicological study using rainbow trout as a test system. A broad application of the featured tissue sampling procedures will help to improve the reproducibility of analyses and to reduce inter- and intra-study variability induced by sampling bias and (normal) inter-sample morphological variation, and will therefore provide a robust basis for reliable characterization of toxicity and NOEC identification of diverse test substances and aquatic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Schrader
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Natalie Theobalt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Hofmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Geiger
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Daniela Arndt
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Unit 73 Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Microbial Ecology, Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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Ros A, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Brinker A. Mitigating human impacts including climate change on proliferative kidney disease in salmonids of running waters. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:497-521. [PMID: 35100455 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have identified a decline in salmonid populations, possibly linked to infection with the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and the corresponding disease, that is, proliferative kidney disease (PKD). The life cycle of this myxozoan parasite includes sessile bryozoan species as invertebrate host, which facilitates the distribution of the parasite in running waters. As the disease outcome is temperature dependent, the impact of the disease on salmonid populations is increasing with global warming due to climate change. The goal of this review is to provide a detailed overview of measures to mitigate the effects of PKD on salmonid populations. It first summarizes the parasite life cycle, temperature-driven disease dynamics and new immunological and molecular research into disease resistance and, based on this, discusses management possibilities. Sophisticated management actions focusing on local adaptation of salmonid populations, restoration of the riverine ecosystem and keeping water temperatures cool are necessary to reduce the negative effects of PKD. Such actions include temporary stocking with PKD-resistant salmonids, as this may assist in conserving current populations that fail to reproduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ros
- Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Langenargen, Germany
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Fisheries Research Station of Baden-Württemberg, LAZBW, Langenargen, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Hutchins PR, Sepulveda AJ, Hartikainen H, Staigmiller KD, Opitz ST, Yamamoto RM, Huttinger A, Cordes RJ, Weiss T, Hopper LR, Purcell MK, Okamura B. Exploration of the 2016 Yellowstone River fish kill and proliferative kidney disease in wild fish populations. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Hutchins
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Adam J. Sepulveda
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2327 University Way Suite 2 Bozeman Montana59715USA
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham University Park NottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Ken D. Staigmiller
- Fish Health Lab Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 4801 Giant Springs Road Great Falls Montana59405USA
| | - Scott T. Opitz
- Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks 1400 South 19th Avenue Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Renee M. Yamamoto
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Amberly Huttinger
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Rick J. Cordes
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Tammy Weiss
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Lacey R. Hopper
- Bozeman Fish Health Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1805 South 22nd Avenue Suite 1 Bozeman Montana59718USA
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- Western Fisheries Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 6505 NE 65th Street Seattle Washington98115USA
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Cromwell Road LondonSW7 5BDUK
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Schmidt-Posthaus H, Mattmann P, Hirschi R, Schneider E. On the potential role of Mergus merganser as transport hosts for Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:3056-3060. [PMID: 32640119 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmission paths in the distribution of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids are still largely unknown. In this study, the role of goosander (Mergus merganser) as possible transport host for Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae through faeces was examined. Goosander fledglings were fed exclusively with diseased brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). In all trout used for feeding, intratubular sporogonic stage of the parasite was confirmed histologically. Between one to 10 hours post-feeding, the goosander faeces were sampled and tested for T. bryosalmonae DNA. In qPCR, only DNA fragments were found, and in conventional PCR, no amplification was confirmed. Therefore, we hypothesize that the role of goosander as transport hosts for T. bryosalmonae via their faeces can be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Regula Hirschi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080604. [PMID: 32722219 PMCID: PMC7460431 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.
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Sudhagar A, Kumar G, El-Matbouli M. The Malacosporean Myxozoan Parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae: A Threat to Wild Salmonids. Pathogens 2019; 9:E16. [PMID: 31877926 PMCID: PMC7168663 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite responsible for proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in a wide range of salmonids. PKD, characterized by high mortality and morbidity, is well known for affecting aquaculture operations and wild salmonid populations across Europe and North America. The life cycle of T. bryosalmonae revolves around freshwater bryozoan and salmonid fish hosts. In recent years, T. bryosalmonae has been reported among wild salmonids from the European countries where it has not been reported previously. T. bryosalmonae is believed to be a possible reason for the diminishing wild salmonid populations in the natural water bodies of many European countries. Climate crisis driven rising water temperature can further accelerate the distribution of T. bryosalmonae. Expansion of the geographical distribution of T. bryosalmonae may further advocate the decline of wild salmonid populations, especially brown trout (Salmo trutta) in their habitats. Mathematical models are used to understand the pattern and distribution of T. bryosalmonae among the host in the natural water bodies. The present manuscript not only summarizes the incidences of T. bryosalmonae among the wild salmonid populations, but also discusses the contemporary understanding about the development of T. bryosalmonae in its hosts and the influences of various factors in the spread of the disease in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Haryana 124411, India
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria; (A.S.); (M.E.-M.)
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