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Molecular diversity, haplotype distribution and genetic variation flow of Bipolaris sorokiniana fungus causing spot blotch disease in different wheat-growing zones. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:793-803. [PMID: 35931929 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Bipolaris sorokiniana (BS) is an economically important fungal pathogen causing spot blotch of wheat (Trtiticum aestivum) and found in all wheat-growing zones of India. Very scanty and fragmentary information is available on its genetic diversity. The current research is the first detailed report on the geographic distribution and evolution of BS population in five geographically distinct wheat-growing zones (North Western Plain Zone (NWPZ), North Eastern Plain zone (NEPZ), North Hill Zone (NHZ), Southern Hill Zone (SHZ) and Peninsular Zone (PZ)) of India, studied by performing nucleotide sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer region of 528 isolates. A moderate to low levels of haplotypic diversity was noticed in different wheat-growing zones. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that B. sorokiniana exist in two distinct lineages as all isolates under study were grouped in two different clades and found analogous to the findings of haplotypic and TCS network analysis. The genetic parameters revealed the existence of 40 haplotypes with three major haplotypes (H-1, H-2 and H-3) which showed star-like structure network surrounded by several single haplotypes, revealing high frequency of the mutations (Eta = 2 - 158) in total analyzed population. H-1 was observed as a predominant haplotype and prevalent in all the five zones. Moderate level of genetic differentiation was found between NHZ and other zones like NWPZ (Fst = 0.332) and SHZ (Fst = 0.382) and PZ (Fst = 0.299), whereas it was low between NEPZ and PZ (Fst = 0.034). Higher transfer rate of genetic variation was noticed between NEPZ and PZ (Nm = 7.06), while it was found minimum between NHZ and SHZ (Nm = 0.40). Moreover, negative score of neutrality statistics (Tajima's D and Fu's FS test) for NWPZ population suggested recent population expansion. However, positive score for both the neutrality tests observed in NEPZ indicated the dominance of balancing selection in structuring their population. Recombination events were observed in the NWPZ and NHZ population, while it was absent in SHZ, NEPZ and PZ population. Thus, the lack of any specific genetic population structure in all the zones indicates for the expansion history only from one common source population, i.e. NWPZ, a mega zone of wheat production in India. Overall, it seems that the predominance of individual haplotypes with a moderate level of genetic variation and human-mediated movement of contaminated seed and dispersal of inoculum, mutations and recombination as prime evolutionary processes play essential role in defining the genetic structure of BS population.
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Liu Z, Wang H, Xie J, Lv J, Zhang G, Hu L, Luo S, Li L, Yu J. The Roles of Cruciferae Glucosinolates in Disease and Pest Resistance. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061097. [PMID: 34070720 PMCID: PMC8229868 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With the expansion of the area under Cruciferae vegetable cultivation, and an increase in the incidence of natural threats such as pests and diseases globally, Cruciferae vegetable losses caused by pathogens, insects, and pests are on the rise. As one of the key metabolites produced by Cruciferae vegetables, glucosinolate (GLS) is not only an indicator of their quality but also controls infestation by numerous fungi, bacteria, aphids, and worms. Today, the safe and pollution-free production of vegetables is advocated globally, and environmentally friendly pest and disease control strategies, such as biological control, to minimize the adverse impacts of pathogen and insect pest stress on Cruciferae vegetables, have attracted the attention of researchers. This review explores the mechanisms via which GLS acts as a defensive substance, participates in responses to biotic stress, and enhances plant tolerance to the various stress factors. According to the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeci Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Huiping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Lushan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
- Panzhihua Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Panzhihua 617000, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.W.); (J.X.); (J.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (S.L.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-763-2188
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Singh M, Avtar R, Pal A, Punia R, Singh VK, Bishnoi M, Singh A, Choudhary RR, Mandhania S. Genotype-Specific Antioxidant Responses and Assessment of Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Causing Sclerotinia Rot in Indian Mustard. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110892. [PMID: 33121098 PMCID: PMC7694058 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity of Indian mustard, an important oilseed crop of India, is affected by several pathogens. Among them, the hemibiotroph Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which causes sclerotinia rot disease, is the most devastating fungal pathogen causing up to 90% yield losses. The availability of host resistance is the only efficient approach to control and understand the host-pathogen interaction. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out using six Indian mustard genotypes with contrasting behavior towards sclerotinia rot to study the antioxidant resistance mechanism against S. sclerotiorum. The plants at post-flowering stage were inoculated with five-day-old pure culture of S. sclerotiorum using artificial stem inoculation method. Disease evaluation revealed significant genotypic differences for mean lesion length among the tested genotypes, where genotype DRMR 2035 was found highly resistant, while genotypes RH 1569 and RH 1633 were found highly susceptible. The resistant genotypes had more phenolics and higher activities of peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase which provide them more efficient and strong antioxidant systems as compared with susceptible genotypes. Studies of antioxidative mechanisms validate the results of disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Cotton Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +91-94-6681-2467 (M.S.); Tel.: +91-93-0615-2356 (S.M.)
| | - Ram Avtar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Ajay Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India;
| | - Rakesh Punia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Vivek K. Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Mahavir Bishnoi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India;
| | - Raju Ram Choudhary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Oilseed Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; (R.A.); (R.P.); (V.K.S.); (M.B.); (R.R.C.)
| | - Shiwani Mandhania
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Cotton Section, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +91-94-6681-2467 (M.S.); Tel.: +91-93-0615-2356 (S.M.)
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