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Jiang C, Li Z, Zheng L, Yu Y, Niu D. Small RNAs: Efficient and miraculous effectors that play key roles in plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:999-1013. [PMID: 37026481 PMCID: PMC10346379 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants' response to pathogens is highly complex and involves changes at different levels, such as activation or repression of a vast array of genes. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that many RNAs, especially small RNAs (sRNAs), are involved in genetic expression and reprogramming affecting plant-pathogen interactions. The sRNAs, including short interfering RNAs and microRNAs, are noncoding RNA with 18-30 nucleotides, and are recognized as key genetic and epigenetic regulators. In this review, we summarize the new findings about defence-related sRNAs in the response to pathogens and our current understanding of their effects on plant-pathogen interactions. The main content of this review article includes the roles of sRNAs in plant-pathogen interactions, cross-kingdom sRNA trafficking between host and pathogen, and the application of RNA-based fungicides for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Zi‐Jie Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Li‐Yu Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Yi‐Yang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
| | - Dong‐Dong Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu ProvinceNanjingChina
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Abstract
Robust plant immune systems are fine-tuned by both protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to RNAs with a length of more than 200 nt and usually do not have protein-coding function and do not belong to any other well-known non-coding RNA types. The non-protein-coding, low expression, and non-conservative characteristics of lncRNAs restrict their recognition. Although studies of lncRNAs in plants are in the early stage, emerging studies have shown that plants employ lncRNAs to regulate plant immunity. Moreover, in response to stresses, numerous lncRNAs are differentially expressed, which manifests the actions of low-expressed lncRNAs and makes plant-microbe/insect interactions a convenient system to study the functions of lncRNAs. Here, we summarize the current advances in plant lncRNAs, discuss their regulatory effects in different stages of plant immunity, and highlight their roles in diverse plant-microbe/insect interactions. These insights will not only strengthen our understanding of the roles and actions of lncRNAs in plant-microbe/insect interactions but also provide novel insight into plant immune responses and a basis for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- HainanYazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Olmo-Uceda MJ, Muñoz-Sánchez JC, Lasso-Giraldo W, Arnau V, Díaz-Villanueva W, Elena SF. DVGfinder: A Metasearch Tool for Identifying Defective Viral Genomes in RNA-Seq Data. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051114. [PMID: 35632855 PMCID: PMC9144107 DOI: 10.3390/v14051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of different types of defective viral genomes (DVG) is an unavoidable consequence of the error-prone replication of RNA viruses. In recent years, a particular class of DVGs, those containing long deletions or genome rearrangements, has gain interest due to their potential therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Identifying such DVGs in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data has become an interesting computational problem. Several algorithms have been proposed to accomplish this goal, though all incur false positives, a problem of practical interest if such DVGs have to be synthetized and tested in the laboratory. We present a metasearch tool, DVGfinder, that wraps the two most commonly used DVG search algorithms in a single workflow for the identification of the DVGs in HTS data. DVGfinder processes the results of ViReMa-a and DI-tector and uses a gradient boosting classifier machine learning algorithm to reduce the number of false-positive events. The program also generates output files in user-friendly HTML format, which can help users to explore the DVGs identified in the sample. We evaluated the performance of DVGfinder compared to the two search algorithms used separately and found that it slightly improves sensitivities for low-coverage synthetic HTS data and DI-tector precision for high-coverage samples. The metasearch program also showed higher sensitivity on a real sample for which a set of copy-backs were previously validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Olmo-Uceda
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Juan C. Muñoz-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Wilberth Lasso-Giraldo
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Vicente Arnau
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Wladimiro Díaz-Villanueva
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (ISysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (M.J.O.-U.); (J.C.M.-S.); (W.L.-G.); (V.A.); (W.D.-V.)
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-544-779
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Short 5' Untranslated Region Enables Optimal Translation of Plant Virus Tricistronic RNA via Leaky Scanning. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214421. [PMID: 35262378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02144-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the general model of translation in eukaryotic cells, a number of studies suggested that many mRNAs encode multiple proteins. Leaky scanning, which supplies ribosomes to downstream open reading frames (ORFs) by readthrough of upstream ORFs, has great potential to translate polycistronic mRNAs. However, the mRNA elements controlling leaky scanning and their biological relevance have rarely been elucidated, with exceptions such as the Kozak sequence. Here, we have analyzed the strategy of a plant RNA virus to translate three movement proteins from a single RNA molecule through leaky scanning. The in planta and in vitro results indicate thatthe significantly shorter 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the most upstream ORF promotes leaky scanning, potentially fine-tuning the translation efficiency of the three proteins in a single RNA molecule to optimize viral propagation. Our results suggest that the remarkably short length of the leader sequence, like the Kozak sequence, is a translational regulatory element with a biologically important role, as previous studies have shown biochemically. IMPORTANCE Potexvirus, a group of plant viruses, infect a variety of crops, including cultivated crops. It has been thought that the three transition proteins that are essential for the cell-to-cell transfer of potexviruses are translated from two subgenomic RNAs, sgRNA1 and sgRNA2. However, sgRNA2 has not been clearly detected. In this study, we have shown that sgRNA1, but not sgRNA2, is the major translation template for the three movement proteins. In addition, we determined the transcription start site of sgRNA1 in flexiviruses and found that the efficiency of leaky scanning caused by the short 5' UTR of sgRNA1, a widely conserved feature, regulates the translation of the three movement proteins. When we tested the infection of viruses with mutations introduced into the length of the 5' UTR, we found that the movement efficiency of the virus was affected. Our results provide important additional information on the protein translation strategy of flexiviruses, including Potexvirus, and provide a basis for research on their control as well as the need to reevaluate the short 5' UTR as a translational regulatory element with an important role in vivo.
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Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH. Viruses Defined by the Position of the Virosphere within the Replicator Space. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0019320. [PMID: 34468181 PMCID: PMC8483706 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally, viruses were defined as miniscule infectious agents that passed through filters that retain even the smallest cells. Subsequently, viruses were considered obligate intracellular parasites whose reproduction depends on their cellular hosts for energy supply and molecular building blocks. However, these features are insufficient to unambiguously define viruses as they are broadly understood today. We outline possible approaches to define viruses and explore the boundaries of the virosphere within the virtual space of replicators and the relationships between viruses and other types of replicators. Regardless of how, exactly, viruses are defined, viruses clearly have evolved on many occasions from nonviral replicators, such as plasmids, by recruiting host proteins to become virion components. Conversely, other types of replicators have repeatedly evolved from viruses. Thus, the virosphere is a dynamic entity with extensive evolutionary traffic across its boundaries. We argue that the virosphere proper, here termed orthovirosphere, consists of a distinct variety of replicators that encode structural proteins encasing the replicators' genomes, thereby providing protection and facilitating transmission among hosts. Numerous and diverse replicators, such as virus-derived but capsidless RNA and DNA elements, or defective viruses occupy the zone surrounding the orthovirosphere in the virtual replicator space. We define this zone as the perivirosphere. Although intense debates on the nature of certain replicators that adorn the internal and external boundaries of the virosphere will likely continue, we present an operational definition of virus that recently has been accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerian V. Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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6
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Javaran VJ, Moffett P, Lemoyne P, Xu D, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Fall ML. Grapevine Virology in the Third-Generation Sequencing Era: From Virus Detection to Viral Epitranscriptomics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112355. [PMID: 34834718 PMCID: PMC8623739 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among all economically important plant species in the world, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most cultivated fruit plant. It has a significant impact on the economies of many countries through wine and fresh and dried fruit production. In recent years, the grape and wine industry has been facing outbreaks of known and emerging viral diseases across the world. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been used extensively in grapevine virology, the application and potential of third-generation sequencing have not been explored in understanding grapevine viruses and their impact on the grapevine. Nanopore sequencing, a third-generation technology, can be used for the direct sequencing of both RNA and DNA with minimal infrastructure. Compared to other HTS methods, the MinION nanopore platform is faster and more cost-effective and allows for long-read sequencing. Due to the size of the MinION device, it can be easily carried for field viral disease surveillance. This review article discusses grapevine viruses, the principle of third-generation sequencing platforms, and the application of nanopore sequencing technology in grapevine virus detection, virus-plant interactions, as well as the characterization of viral RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Javaran
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Peter Moffett
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Pierre Lemoyne
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
| | - Dong Xu
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada;
| | - Mamadou Lamine Fall
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
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7
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Aljabali AAA, Hassan S, Pabari RM, Shahcheraghi SH, Mishra V, Charbe NB, Chellappan DK, Dureja H, Gupta G, Almutary AG, Alnuqaydan AM, Verma SK, Panda PK, Mishra YK, Serrano-Aroca Á, Dua K, Uversky VN, Redwan EM, Bahar B, Bhatia A, Negi P, Goyal R, McCarron P, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM. The viral capsid as novel nanomaterials for drug delivery. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO744. [PMID: 34737885 PMCID: PMC8558853 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent scientific developments and provide an overview of virus self-assembly and viral particle dynamics. Viruses are organized supramolecular structures with distinct yet related features and functions. Plant viruses are extensively used in biotechnology, and virus-like particulate matter is generated by genetic modification. Both provide a material-based means for selective distribution and delivery of drug molecules. Through surface engineering of their capsids, virus-derived nanomaterials facilitate various potential applications for selective drug delivery. Viruses have significant implications in chemotherapy, gene transfer, vaccine production, immunotherapy and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa AA Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Paschim Medinipur, India
| | - Ritesh M Pabari
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seyed H Shahcheraghi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh K Verma
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden
| | - Pritam K Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75120, Sweden
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- University of Southern Denmark, Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, Alsion 2, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials & Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, 46001, Spain
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- King Abdulazizi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Science, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- International Institute of Nutritional Sciences & Food Safety Studies, School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University Dabwali Road, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Rohit Goyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Paul McCarron
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Hamid A Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
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8
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Host-virus interactions mediated by long non-coding RNAs. Virus Res 2021; 298:198402. [PMID: 33771610 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate pathogens that cause a wide range of diseases across all kingdoms of life. They have a colossal impact on the economy and healthcare infrastructure world-wide. Plants and animals have developed sophisticated molecular mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses and viruses in turn hijack host mechanisms to ensure their survival inside their hosts. Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs have emerged as important macromolecules that regulate plant-virus and animal-virus interactions. Both pro-viral and anti-viral lncRNAs have been reported and they show immense potential to be used as markers and in therapeutics. The current review is focussed on the recent developments that have been made in viral interactions of animals and plants.
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9
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Taliansky M, Samarskaya V, Zavriev SK, Fesenko I, Kalinina NO, Love AJ. RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010082. [PMID: 33401751 PMCID: PMC7824052 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained unprecedented attention as new and crucial players in the regulation of numerous cellular processes and disease responses. In this review, we describe how diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs, may be used to engineer resistance against plant viruses. We discuss how double-stranded RNAs and small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and trans-acting small interfering RNAs, either produced in transgenic plants or delivered exogenously to non-transgenic plants, may constitute powerful RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology that can be exploited to control plant viruses. Additionally, we describe how RNA guided CRISPR-CAS gene-editing systems have been deployed to inhibit plant virus infections, and we provide a comparative analysis of RNAi approaches and CRISPR-Cas technology. The two main strategies for engineering virus resistance are also discussed, including direct targeting of viral DNA or RNA, or inactivation of plant host susceptibility genes. We also elaborate on the challenges that need to be overcome before such technologies can be broadly exploited for crop protection against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Viktoria Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
| | - Natalia O. Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.); (S.K.Z.); (I.F.); (N.O.K.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (A.J.L.)
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