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Barrionuevo EM, Peralta E, Manzur De Nardi A, Monat J, Fallico MJ, Llanos MA, Gavernet L, Mustafá ER, Martin P, Talevi A. In Silico Screening Identification of Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Derivatives with Antiseizure Activity: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:996. [PMID: 39204342 PMCID: PMC11357650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
High fat diets have been used as complementary treatments for seizure disorders for more than a century. Moreover, many fatty acids and derivatives, including the broad-spectrum antiseizure medication valproic acid, have been explored and used as pharmacological agents to treat epilepsy. In this work, we have explored the anticonvulsant potential of a large library of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, the LIPID MAPS Structure Database, using structure-based virtual screening to assess their ability to block the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.2 (NaV1.2), a validated target for antiseizure medications. Four of the resulting in silico hits were submitted for experimental confirmation using in vitro patch clamp experiments, and their protective role was evaluated in an acute mice seizure model, the Maximal Electroshock seizure model. These four compounds were found to protect mice against seizures. Two of them exhibited blocking effects on NaV1.2, CaV2.2, and CaV3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mercedes Barrionuevo
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Peralta
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Agustín Manzur De Nardi
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CICPBA–CONICET, Boulevard 120 no. 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Juliana Monat
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CICPBA–CONICET, Boulevard 120 no. 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano José Fallico
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Manuel Augusto Llanos
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Luciana Gavernet
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Emilio Román Mustafá
- Electrophysiology Laboratory of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [Argentine Research Council (CONICET), Scientific Research Commission of the Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) and National University of La Plata (UNLP)], La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Pedro Martin
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CICPBA–CONICET, Boulevard 120 no. 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compound Research and Development (LIDeB), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), Blvd. 120 1489, La Plata 1900, Argentina
- Argentinean National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), CCT La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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da Silva NM, Lopes ICS, Galué-Parra AJ, Ferreira IM, de Sena CBC, da Silva EO, Macchi BDM, de Oliveira FR, do Nascimento JLM. Fatty Acid Amides Suppress Proliferation via Cannabinoid Receptors and Promote the Apoptosis of C6 Glioma Cells in Association with Akt Signaling Pathway Inhibition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:873. [PMID: 39065724 PMCID: PMC11280372 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A glioma is a type of tumor that acts on the Central Nervous System (CNS) in a highly aggressive manner. Gliomas can occasionally be inaccurately diagnosed and treatments have low efficacy, meaning that patients exhibit a survival of less than one year after diagnosis. Due to factors such as intratumoral cell variability, inefficient chemotherapy drugs, adaptive resistance development to drugs and tumor recurrence after resection, the search continues for new drugs that can inhibit glioma cell growth. As such, analogues of endocannabinoids, such as fatty acid amides (FAAs), represent interesting alternatives for inhibiting tumor growth, since FAAs can modulate several metabolic pathways linked to cancer and, thus, may hold potential for managing glioblastoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of two fatty ethanolamides (FAA1 and FAA2), synthetized via direct amidation from andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis Aublet), on C6 glioma cells. FAA1 and FAA2 reduced C6 cell viability, proliferation and migratory potential in a dose-dependent manner and were not toxic to normal retina glial cells. Both FAAs caused apoptotic cell death through the loss of mitochondrial integrity (ΔΨm), probably by activating cannabinoid receptors, and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, FAAs derived from natural products may have the potential to treat glioma-type brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nágila Monteiro da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Izabella Carla Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesus Galué-Parra
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-750, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (C.B.C.d.S.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Bromatologia, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (N.M.d.S.); (I.C.S.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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Caffeine intoxication: Behavioral and electrocorticographic patterns in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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de Oliveira FR, da Silva NM, Hamoy M, Crespo-López ME, Ferreira IM, da Silva EO, de Matos Macchi B, do Nascimento JLM. The GABAergic System and Endocannabinoids in Epilepsy and Seizures: What Can We Expect from Plant Oils? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113595. [PMID: 35684543 PMCID: PMC9182121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures and epilepsy are some of the most common serious neurological disorders, with approximately 80% of patients living in developing/underdeveloped countries. However, about one in three patients do not respond to currently available pharmacological treatments, indicating the need for research into new anticonvulsant drugs (ACDs). The GABAergic system is the main inhibitory system of the brain and has a central role in seizures and the screening of new ACD candidates. It has been demonstrated that the action of agents on endocannabinoid receptors modulates the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters; however, studies on the anticonvulsant properties of endocannabinoids from plant oils are relatively scarce. The Amazon region is an important source of plant oils that can be used for the synthesis of new fatty acid amides, which are compounds analogous to endocannabinoids. The synthesis of such compounds represents an important approach for the development of new anticonvulsant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade e Bromatologia, Curso de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Nágila Monteiro da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Moisés Hamoy
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-López
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Irlon Maciel Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratorio de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (INCT-INBEB), Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (F.R.d.O.); (N.M.d.S.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Li Z, Dong F, Sun Y, Sun Z, Song X, Dong Y, Huang X, Zhong J, Zhang R, Wang M, Sun C. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Six Fatty Acid Amides in 11 Edible Vegetable Oils Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857858. [PMID: 35419400 PMCID: PMC8997291 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amides (FAAs) are endogenous lipid molecules that exhibit various physiological activities. FAAs are usually present at nanomolar levels in biological samples. In this study, a method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of six FAAs (linoleamide, linoleoyl ethanolamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, palmitic amide, oleamide, and octadecanamide) in edible vegetable oils was established. All six FAAs were detected in sesame, peanut, soybean (decolorized and non-decolorized), and blended oils; five in sunflower oil; four in rice oil; three in linseed and olive oils; and two in corn and canola oils. The total contents of FAAs were highest in sesame oil (104.88 ± 3.01 μg/mL), followed by peanut oil (34.96 ± 3.87 μg/mL), soybean oil (16.75 ± 1.27 μg/mL), and blended oil (13.33 ± 0.77 μg/mL), and the contents in the other edible vegetable oils were all <1.03 μg/mL. The concentrations of linoleoyl ethanolamide and oleoyl ethanolamide were highest in non-decolorized soybean oil, while the other four FAAs (linoleamide, palmitic amide, oleamide, and octadecanamide) showed the highest concentrations in sesame oil. The total contents of these FAAs in eight different oils were higher than those in biological fluids and tissue. Our study confirmed that edible vegetable oils are rich in FAAs, and provides reliable data for evaluating the nutritive value of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Li
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Dong
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongzhi Sun
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingran Dong
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaocai Huang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Maoqing Wang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Yabuki Y, Liu J, Kawahata I, Izumi H, Shinoda Y, Koga K, Ueno S, Shioda N, Fukunaga K. Anti-Epileptic Effects of FABP3 Ligand MF1 through the Benzodiazepine Recognition Site of the GABA A Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155525. [PMID: 32752296 PMCID: PMC7432285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed the fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) ligand MF1 (4-(2-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy) butanoic acid) as a therapeutic candidate for α-synucleinopathies. MF1 shows affinity towards γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) receptor, but its effect on the receptor remains unclear. Here, we investigate the pharmacological properties of MF1 on the GABAA receptor overexpressed in Neuro2A cells. While MF1 (1–100 μm) alone failed to evoke GABA currents, MF1 (1 μm) promoted GABA currents during GABA exposure (1 and 10 μm). MF1-promoted GABA currents were blocked by flumazenil (10 μm) treatment, suggesting that MF1 enhances receptor function via the benzodiazepine recognition site. Acute and chronic administration of MF1 (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly attenuated status epilepticus (SE) and the mortality rate in pilocarpine (PILO: 300 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated mice, similar to diazepam (DZP: 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.). The anti-epileptic effects of DZP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and MF1 (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) were completely abolished by flumazenil (25 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ: 90 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced seizures in mice were suppressed by DZP (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but not MF1. Collectively, this suggests that MF1 is a mild enhancer of the GABAA receptor and exercises anti-epileptic effects through the receptor’s benzodiazepine recognition site in PILO-induced SE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ichiro Kawahata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hisanao Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kohei Koga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8216, Japan;
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8216, Japan;
| | - Norifumi Shioda
- Department of Genomic Neurology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (Y.Y.); (J.L.); (I.K.); (H.I.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-6836; Fax: 81-22-795-6835
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