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Bokatyi AN, Dubashynskaya NV, Skorik YA. Chemical modification of hyaluronic acid as a strategy for the development of advanced drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 337:122145. [PMID: 38710553 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has emerged as a promising biopolymer for various biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and intrinsic ability to interact with cell surface receptors, making it an attractive candidate for drug delivery systems and tissue engineering. Chemical modification of HA has opened up versatile possibilities to tailor its properties, enabling the development of advanced drug delivery systems and biomaterials with enhanced functionalities and targeted applications. This review analyzes the strategies and applications of chemically modified HA in the field of drug delivery and biomaterial development. The first part of the review focuses on the different methods and functional groups used for the chemical modification of HA, highlighting the impact of these modifications on its physicochemical properties, degradation behavior and interactions with drugs. The second part of the review evaluates the use of chemically modified HA in the development of advanced biomedical materials including nano- and microparticles, hydrogels and mucoadhesive materials with tailored drug release profiles, site-specific targeting and stimuli-responsive behavior. Thus, the review consolidates the current advances and future perspectives in the field of chemical modification of HA, underscoring its immense potential to drive the development of advanced drug delivery systems and biomaterials with diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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2
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Roque-Borda CA, Primo LMDG, Franzyk H, Hansen PR, Pavan FR. Recent advances in the development of antimicrobial peptides against ESKAPE pathogens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31958. [PMID: 38868046 PMCID: PMC11167364 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) are a global health threat. The severity of the problem lies in its impact on mortality, therapeutic limitations, the threat to public health, and the costs associated with managing infections caused by these resistant strains. Effectively addressing this challenge requires innovative approaches to research, the development of new antimicrobials, and more responsible antibiotic use practices globally. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a part of the innate immune system of all higher organisms. They are short, cationic and amphipathic molecules with broad-spectrum activity. AMPs interact with the negatively charged bacterial membrane. In recent years, AMPs have attracted considerable interest as potential antibiotics. However, AMPs have low bioavailability and short half-lives, which may be circumvented by chemical modification. This review presents recent in vitro and in silico strategies for the modification of AMPs to improve their stability and application in preclinical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
- Universidad Católica de Santa María, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | - Henrik Franzyk
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Denmark
| | - Paul Robert Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Denmark
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, Brazil
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3
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Královič-Kanjaková N, Asi Shirazi A, Hubčík L, Klacsová M, Keshavarzi A, Martínez JC, Combet S, Teixeira J, Uhríková D. Polymyxin B-Enriched Exogenous Lung Surfactant: Thermodynamics and Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6847-6861. [PMID: 38501650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of an exogenous pulmonary surfactant (EPS) to deliver other relevant drugs to the lungs is a promising strategy for combined therapy. We evaluated the interaction of polymyxin B (PxB) with a clinically used EPS, the poractant alfa Curosurf (PSUR). The effect of PxB on the protein-free model system (MS) composed of four phospholipids (diC16:0PC/16:0-18:1PC/16:0-18:2PC/16:0-18:1PG) was examined in parallel to distinguish the specificity of the composition of PSUR. We used several experimental techniques (differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrophoretic light scattering) to characterize the binding of PxB to both EPS. Electrostatic interactions PxB-EPS are dominant. The results obtained support the concept of cationic PxB molecules lying on the surface of the PSUR bilayer, strengthening the multilamellar structure of PSUR as derived from SAXS and SANS. A protein-free MS mimics a natural EPS well but was found to be less resistant to penetration of PxB into the lipid bilayer. PxB does not affect the gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature, Tm, of PSUR, while Tm increased by ∼+ 2 °C in MS. The decrease of the thickness of the lipid bilayer (dL) of PSUR upon PxB binding is negligible. The hydrophobic tail of the PxB molecule does not penetrate the bilayer as derived from SANS data analysis and changes in lateral pressure monitored by excimer fluorescence at two depths of the hydrophobic region of the bilayer. Changes in dL of protein-free MS show a biphasic dependence on the adsorbed amount of PxB with a minimum close to the point of electroneutrality of the mixture. Our results do not discourage the concept of a combined treatment with PxB-enriched Curosurf. However, the amount of PxB must be carefully assessed (less than 5 wt % relative to the mass of the surfactant) to avoid inversion of the surface charge of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Královič-Kanjaková
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ali Asi Shirazi
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Hubčík
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Klacsová
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Atoosa Keshavarzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - José Teixeira
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Daniela Uhríková
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Sall TS, Egorova TS, Demyanova EV, Dubrovskii YA, Murashko EA, Anufrikov YA, Shasherina AY, Vlasova EN, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/B12-chitosan polyelectrolyte complex for oral colistin administration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130177. [PMID: 38360229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) based on polysaccharides, including hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS), are promising delivery systems for antimicrobial agents, including oral administration of the peptide antibiotic colistin (CT). Modification of CS with different targeting ligands to improve intestinal permeability is a suitable way to improve the oral bioavailability of polyelectrolyte particles. This study describes the procedure for obtaining CT-containing PECs based on HA and CS modified with cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). In this case, vitamin B12 is used as a targeting ligand because it is absorbed in the ileum via specific transporter proteins. The resulting PECs had a hydrodynamic size of about 284 nm and a positive ζ-potential of about 26 mV; the encapsulation efficiency was 88.2 % and the CT content was 42.2 μg/mg. The developed systems provided a two-phase drug release: about 50 % of the CT was released in 0.5-1 h, and about 60 % of the antibiotic was cumulatively released in 5 h. The antimicrobial activity of encapsulated CT was maintained at the same level as the pure drug for at least 24 h (minimum inhibitory concentration against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 2 μg/mL for both). In addition, the apparent permeability coefficient of CT in the PEC formulation was 2.4 × 10-6 cm/s. Thus, the incorporation of CT into HA- and vitamin B12-modified CS-based PECs can be considered as a simple and convenient method to improve the oral delivery of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Sall
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov St. 12, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Murashko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri A Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Y Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena N Vlasova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia.
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5
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Smith IP, Pedebos C, Khalid S. Molecular Crowding Alters the Interactions of Polymyxin Lipopeptides within the Periplasm of E. coli: Insights from Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2717-2733. [PMID: 38457439 PMCID: PMC10961723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a crowded tripartite architecture that separates the cell interior from the external environment. Two membranes encapsulate the aqueous periplasm, which contains the cell wall. Little is known about the mechanisms via which antimicrobial peptides move through the periplasm from the outer membrane to their site of action, the inner membrane. We utilize all-atom molecular dynamics to study two antimicrobial peptides, polymyxins B1 and E, within models of the E. coli periplasm crowded to different extents. In a simple chemical environment, both PMB1 and PME bind irreversibly to the cell wall. The presence of specific macromolecules leads to competition with the polymyxins for cell wall interaction sites, resulting in polymyxin dissociation from the cell wall. Chemical complexity also impacts interactions between polymyxins and Braun's lipoprotein; thus, the interaction modes of lipoprotein antibiotics within the periplasm are dependent upon the nature of the other species present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain P.
S. Smith
- School of
Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Conrado Pedebos
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Biociências (PPGBio), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde
de Porto Alegre—UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Syma Khalid
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
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Cho Y, Kim JH, Choi W, Park DY, Cho BK, Kim YH, Min J. Reassembled Vacuoles for Drug Delivery Carriers Using Yeast Vacuoles for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4915-4922. [PMID: 37861681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop an efficient drug delivery system by reassembling vacuoles isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Initially, we assessed the impact of vacuolar enzymes on the efficacy of the loaded antibiotic polymyxin B (PMB), by conducting antibacterial activity tests using Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis. The results showed that vacuolar enzymes inhibited the effectiveness of PMB, highlighting the limitations of using natural vacuoles as drug carriers. To overcome this, we proposed a new drug delivery system called reassembled vacuoles (ReV). ReV particles were created by removing vacuolar enzymes and reassembling the vacuolar membrane through extrusion. ReV demonstrated improved structural stability, a more uniform size, and enhanced PMB release compared to natural vacuoles. Encapsulation efficiency tests revealed high loading efficiency for both normal vacuoles (NorV) and ReV, with over 80% efficiency at concentrations up to 600 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of PMB-loaded ReV showed comparable results to PMB alone, indicating the potential of ReV as a drug delivery system. In conclusion, reassembled vacuoles offer a promising approach for drug delivery, addressing the limitations of natural vacuoles and providing opportunities for targeted and efficient drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyoung Cho
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Ji Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Wooil Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
| | - Dae-Young Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-Gu Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
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7
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Van Moll L, Wouters M, De Smet J, De Vooght L, Delputte P, Van Der Borght M, Cos P. In-depth biological characterization of two black soldier fly anti- Pseudomonas peptides reveals LPS-binding and immunomodulating effects. mSphere 2023; 8:e0045423. [PMID: 37800918 PMCID: PMC10597467 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00454-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As effector molecules of the innate immune system, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gathered substantial interest as a potential future generation of antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate the anti-Pseudomonas activity and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding ability of HC1 and HC10, two cecropin peptides from the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens). Both peptides are active against a wide range of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, including drug-resistant clinical isolates. Moreover, HC1 and HC10 can bind to lipid A, the toxic center of LPS and reduce the LPS-induced nitric oxide and cytokine production in murine macrophage cells. This suggests that the peptide-LPS binding can also lower the strong inflammatory response associated with P. aeruginosa infections. As the activity of AMPs is often influenced by the presence of salts, we studied the LPS-binding activity of HC1 and HC10 in physiological salt concentrations, revealing a strong decrease in activity. Our research confirmed the early potential of HC1 and HC10 as starting points for anti-Pseudomonas drugs, as well as the need for structural or formulation optimization before further preclinical development can be considered. IMPORTANCE The high mortality and morbidity associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections remain an ongoing challenge in clinical practice that requires urgent action. P. aeruginosa mostly infects immunocompromised individuals, and its prevalence is especially high in urgent care hospital settings. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are outer membrane structures that are responsible for inducing the innate immune cascade upon infection. P. aeruginosa LPS can cause local excessive inflammation, or spread systemically throughout the body, leading to multi-organ failure and septic shock. As antimicrobial resistance rates in P. aeruginosa infections are rising, the research and development of new antimicrobial agents remain indispensable. Especially, antimicrobials that can both kill the bacteria themselves and neutralize their toxins are of great interest in P. aeruginosa research to develop as the next generation of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Van Moll
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
| | - Milan Wouters
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mik Van Der Borght
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Research Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Geel, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sousa A, Borøy V, Bæverud A, Julin K, Bayer A, Strøm M, Johannessen M, Škalko-Basnet N, Obuobi S. Polymyxin B stabilized DNA micelles for sustained antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7972-7985. [PMID: 37505112 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based materials showcase an increasing potential for antimicrobial drug delivery. Although numerous reports on drug-loaded DNA nanoparticles outline their pivotal antibacterial activities, their potential as drug delivery systems against bacterial biofilms awaits further studies. Among different oligonucleotide structures, micellar nanocarriers derived from amphiphilic DNA strands are of particular interest due to their spontaneous self-assembly and high biocompatibility. However, their clinical use is hampered by structural instability upon cation depletion. In this work, we used a cationic amphiphilic antibiotic (polymyxin B) to stabilize DNA micelles destined to penetrate P. aeruginosa biofilms and exhibit antibacterial/antibiofilm properties. Our study highlights how the strong affinity of this antibiotic enhances the stability of the micelles and confirms that antibacterial activity of the novel micelles remains intact. Additionally, we show that PMB micelles can penetrate P. aeruginosa biofilms and impact their metabolic activity. Finally, PMB micelles were highly safe and biocompatible, highlighting their possible application against P. aeruginosa biofilm-colonized skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sousa
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vegard Borøy
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Agnethe Bæverud
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Host Microbe Interaction Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten Strøm
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsvegen 57, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Host Microbe Interaction Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sybil Obuobi
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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9
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Skorik YA. Biopolymers in Drug and Gene Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12763. [PMID: 37628943 PMCID: PMC10454030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen remarkable advances in the field of drug and gene delivery systems, revolutionizing the way we approach therapeutic treatments [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
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10
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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Sall TS, Egorova TS, Nashchekina YA, Dubrovskii YA, Murashko EA, Vlasova EN, Demyanova EV, Skorik YA. Cyanocobalamin-Modified Colistin-Hyaluronan Conjugates: Synthesis and Bioactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11550. [PMID: 37511308 PMCID: PMC10380726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric drug delivery systems enhance the biopharmaceutical properties of antibiotics by increasing their bioavailability, providing programmable and controlled-release properties, and reducing toxicity. In addition, drug delivery systems are a promising strategy to improve the intestinal permeability of various antimicrobial agents, including colistin (CT). This study describes the modification of conjugates based on CT and hyaluronic acid (HA) with cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). Vitamin B12 was chosen as a targeting ligand because it has its own absorption pathway in the small intestine. The resulting polysaccharide conjugates contained 95 μg/mg vitamin B12 and the CT content was 335 μg/mg; they consisted of particles of two sizes, 98 and 702 nm, with a ζ-potential of approximately -25 mV. An in vitro release test at pH 7.4 and pH 5.2 showed an ultra-slow release of colistin of approximately 1% after 10 h. The modified B12 conjugates retained their antimicrobial activity at the level of pure CT (minimum inhibitory concentration was 2 μg/mL). The resulting delivery systems also reduced the nephrotoxicity of CT by 30-40% (HEK 293 cell line). In addition, the modification of B12 improved the intestinal permeability of CT, and the apparent permeability coefficient of HA-CT-B12 conjugates was 3.5 × 10-6 cm/s, corresponding to an in vivo intestinal absorption of 50-100%. Thus, vitamin-B12-modified conjugates based on CT and HA may be promising oral delivery systems with improved biopharmaceutical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Sall
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov St. 12, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Murashko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Elena N Vlasova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St. Petersburg 197110, Russia
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
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11
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Saleh A, Akkuş-Dağdeviren ZB, Haddadzadegan S, Wibel R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Peptide Antibiotic-Polyphosphate Nanoparticles: A Promising Strategy to Overcome the Enzymatic and Mucus Barrier of the Intestine. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37224061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop peptide antibiotic-polyphosphate nanoparticles that are able to overcome the enzymatic and mucus barriers providing a targeted drug release directly on the intestinal epithelium. Polymyxin B-polyphosphate nanoparticles (PMB-PP NPs) were formed via ionic gelation between the cationic peptide and the anionic polyphosphate (PP). The resulting NPs were characterized by particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. The protective effect of these NPs for incorporated PMB was evaluated via enzymatic degradation studies with lipase. Moreover, mucus diffusion of NPs was investigated with porcine intestinal mucus. Isolated intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) was employed to trigger the degradation of NPs and consequent drug release. PMB-PP NPs exhibited an average size of 197.13 ± 14.13 nm, a PDI of 0.36, a zeta potential of -11.1 ± 3.4 mV and a concentration and time-dependent toxicity. They provided entire protection toward enzymatic degradation and exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher mucus permeating properties than PMB. When incubated with isolated IAP for 4 h, monophosphate and PMB were constantly released from PMB-PP NPs and zeta potential raised up to -1.9 ± 0.61 mV. According to these findings, PMB-PP NPs are promising delivery systems to protect cationic peptide antibiotics against enzymatic degradation, to overcome the mucus barrier and to provide drug release directly at the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Saleh
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Mandala Waluya, A.H.Nasution, Kendari 93231, Southeast Sulawesi Republic of Indonesia
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş-Dağdeviren
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Wibel
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Landa G, Alejo T, Sauzet T, Laroche J, Sebastian V, Tewes F, Arruebo M. Colistin-loaded aerosolizable particles for the treatment of bacterial respiratory infections. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122732. [PMID: 36803926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Compared to parenteral administration of colistin, its direct pulmonary administration can maximize lung drug deposition while reducing systemic adverse side effects and derived nephrotoxicity. Current pulmonary administration of colistin is carried out by the aerosolization of a prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), which must be hydrolized to colistin in the lung to produce its bactericidal effect. However, this conversion is slow relative to the rate of absorption of CMS, and thus only 1.4 % (w/w) of the CMS dose is converted to colistin in the lungs of patients receiving inhaled CMS. We synthesized several aerosolizable nanoparticle carriers loaded with colistin using different techniques and selected particles with sufficient drug loading and adequate aerodynamic behavior to efficiently deliver colistin to the entire lung. Specifically, we carried out (i) the encapsulation of colistin by single emulsion-solvent evaporation with immiscible solvents using polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) nanoparticles; (ii) its encapsulation using nanoprecipitation with miscible solvents using poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) as encapsulating matrix; (iii) colistin nanoprecipitation using the antisolvent precipitation method and its subsequent encapsulation within PLGA nanoparticles; and (iv) colistin encapsulation within PLGA-based microparticles using electrospraying. Nanoprecipitation of pure colistin using antisolvent precipitation showed the highest drug loading (55.0 ± 4.8 wt%) and spontaneously formed aggregates with adequate aerodynamic diameter (between 3 and 5 μm) to potentially reach the entire lung. These nanoparticles were able to completely eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an in vitro lung biofilm model at 10 µg/mL (MBC). This formulation could be a promising alternative for the treatment of pulmonary infections improving lung deposition and, therefore, the efficacy of aerosolized antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Landa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Alejo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Theo Sauzet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Victor Sebastian
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Arruebo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering. University of Zaragoza, Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, C/ Poeta Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Dobrodumov AV, Kudryavtsev IV, Trulioff AS, Rubinstein AA, Aquino AD, Dubrovskii YA, Knyazeva ES, Demyanova EV, Nashchekina YA, Skorik YA. Succinyl Chitosan-Colistin Conjugates as Promising Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010166. [PMID: 36613610 PMCID: PMC9820547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of microbial multidrug resistance is a problem in modern clinical medicine. Chemical modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an attractive strategy to improve their biopharmaceutical properties by increasing bioavailability and reducing drug toxicity. Conjugation of antimicrobial drugs with natural polysaccharides provides high efficiency of these systems due to targeted delivery, controlled drug release and reduced toxicity. This paper reports a two-step synthesis of colistin conjugates (CT) with succinyl chitosan (SucCS); first, we modified chitosan with succinyl anhydride to introduce a carboxyl function into the polymer molecule, which was then used for chemical grafting with amino groups of the peptide antibiotic CT using carbodiimide chemistry. The resulting polymeric delivery systems had a degree of substitution (DS) by CT of 3-8%, with conjugation efficiencies ranging from 54 to 100% and CT contents ranging from 130-318 μg/mg. The size of the obtained particles was 100-200 nm, and the ζ-potential varied from -22 to -28 mV. In vitro release studies at pH 7.4 demonstrated ultra-slow hydrolysis of amide bonds, with a CT release of 0.1-0.5% after 12 h; at pH 5.2, the hydrolysis rate slightly increased; however, it remained extremely low (1.5% of CT was released after 12 h). The antimicrobial activity of the conjugates depended on the DS. At DS 8%, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the conjugate was equal to the MIC of native CT (1 µg/mL); at DS of 3 and 5%, the MIC increased 8-fold. In addition, the developed systems reduced CT nephrotoxicity by 20-60%; they also demonstrated the ability to reduce bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro. Thus, these promising CT-SucCS conjugates are prospective for developing safe and effective nanoantibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V. Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton N. Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anatoliy V. Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V. Kudryavtsev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey S. Trulioff
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem A. Rubinstein
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arthur D. Aquino
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Elena S. Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yuliya A. Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury A. Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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14
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Antibiotic Treatment during Gestation Enhances Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Offspring. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0249122. [PMID: 36314979 PMCID: PMC9769670 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02491-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether antibiotic treatment during gestation impacts T cell immunity to vaccination in offspring is unexplored. Dams treated with polymyxin B (PMB) during gestation (Mg) displayed altered microbial communities prior to delivery compared to control dams (Mc). Differences in microbiota were also evident in pups born to polymyxin B-treated dams (Pg) compared to control pups (Pc). When pups were immunized with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), we observed no difference in TB10.4-specific T cells between Pc and Pg 4 weeks postimmunization. Significantly fewer splenic CD4 T cells from BCG-vaccinated Pg produced interleukin-2 (IL-2) upon stimulation, suggesting a possible functional deficiency. There was no difference in purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific IgG between Pc and Pg at this time point. However, when infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pg displayed significantly higher bacterial burden in the lung than Pc. Our results show that maternal PMB treatment during gestation may not impact splenic antigen-specific T cell responses following BCG vaccination but alters susceptibility to M. tuberculosis in offspring. IMPORTANCE The composition of the pioneer microbiota that colonize the infant gut are determined by the mother. Polymyxin B-induced changes in the maternal microbiota during pregnancy impact the offspring gut microbiota but not vaccine-specific CD4 T cell response. However, when infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, offspring born to mothers with an altered gut microbiota are susceptible to infection compared to those born to mothers not exposed to antibiotics.
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15
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de la Rosa-Carrillo D, Suárez-Cuartín G, Golpe R, Máiz Carro L, Martinez-Garcia MA. Inhaled Colistimethate Sodium in the Management of Patients with Bronchiectasis Infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7271-7292. [PMID: 36540105 PMCID: PMC9759979 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s318173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
International guidelines on the treatment of bronchiectasis indicate that the use of inhaled antibiotics is effective, especially in symptomatic chronic bronchial infection (CBI) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). To date, however, no such treatment has been approved by regulatory agencies. Of the inhaled antibiotics on the market, colistimethate sodium (colistin) is one of the most used in many countries, either in its nebulized presentation or as dry powder. Among the characteristics of this antibiotic, it is worth noting that its main target is the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and that it has a low rate of resistance to PA (<1%). Most observational studies have shown that the use of colistin in patients with bronchiectasis and CBI due to PA results in a decrease in both the number and severity of exacerbations, an improvement in quality of life, a decrease in sputum volume and purulence, and a high rate of PA eradication, although there are no clear differences with respect to other inhaled antibiotics. However, the lack of randomized clinical trials (RCT) with positive results for its main variable (exacerbations) in an intention-to-treat analysis has prevented its approval by regulatory agencies as a formal indication for use in bronchiectasis. The PROMIS program, made up of two RCT with identical methodology, is currently underway. The first of these RCT (already concluded) has demonstrated a clearly positive effect on the group randomized to colistin in its main variable (number of annual exacerbations), while the results of the second are still pending. This review presents exhaustive information on the pharmacological and microbiological characteristics of colistin, the results of the studies carried out to date, and the future challenges associated with this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David de la Rosa-Carrillo
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: David de la Rosa-Carrillo, Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Carrer Sant Quintí, 89, Barcelona, 08041, Spain, Tel +34 935565972, Email
| | - Guillermo Suárez-Cuartín
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Golpe
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis Máiz Carro
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Garcia
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Guan G, Zhang Q, Jiang Z, Liu J, Wan J, Jin P, Lv Q. Multifunctional Silk Fibroin Methacryloyl Microneedle for Diabetic Wound Healing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203064. [PMID: 36333115 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic wound is one of the common complications in diabetic patients, which exhibits chronic, hard-to-heal characteristics. The healing process of wounds is impaired by several factors, including excessive oxidative stress, blocked angiogenesis, and bacterial infection. The therapeutic effects of traditional microneedle patches remain not satisfactory, due to their difficulty simultaneously targeting multiple targets to treat diabetic wounds. As such, there is an urgent need to develop a multifunctional microneedle (MN) patch for promoting the healing of diabetic wounds. A multifunctional MN patch with antioxidant, proangiogenesis, and antibacterial capacities was fabricated to target the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds. Silk fibroin methacryloyl, which has excellent biocompatibility, stable mechanical properties, and well processability, and is selected as the base material for multifunctional MN patches. Prussian blue nanozymes (PBNs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are encapsulated in tips of MN patches, Polymyxin is encapsulated in base layers of MN patches. Based on synergic properties of these components, multifunctional MN patches exhibit excellent biocompatibility, drug-sustained release, proangiogenesis, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The developed multifunctional MN patches accelerate diabetic wound healing, providing a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jinjing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qizhuang Lv
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Guangxi Province, Yulin, 537000, China
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17
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Kosztołowicz T, Dutkiewicz A, Lewandowska KD, Wąsik S, Arabski M. Subdiffusion equation with Caputo fractional derivative with respect to another function in modeling diffusion in a complex system consisting of a matrix and channels. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:044138. [PMID: 36397549 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.044138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous diffusion of an antibiotic (colistin) in a system consisting of packed gel (alginate) beads immersed in water is studied experimentally and theoretically. The experimental studies are performed using the interferometric method of measuring concentration profiles of a diffusing substance. We use the g-subdiffusion equation with the fractional Caputo time derivative with respect to another function g to describe the process. The function g and relevant parameters define anomalous diffusion. We show that experimentally measured time evolution of the amount of antibiotic released from the system determines the function g. The process can be interpreted as subdiffusion in which the subdiffusion parameter (exponent) α decreases over time. The g-subdiffusion equation, which is more general than the "ordinary" fractional subdiffusion equation, can be widely used in various fields of science to model diffusion in a system in which parameters, and even a type of diffusion, evolve over time. We postulate that diffusion in a system composed of channels and a matrix can be described by the g-subdiffusion equation, just like diffusion in a system of packed gel beads placed in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Kosztołowicz
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Aldona Dutkiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 4, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna D Lewandowska
- Department of Radiological Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Tuwima 15, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wąsik
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Arabski
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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18
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Synergistic activity between beta-lactams and igy antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Nwabuife JC, Omolo CA, Govender T. Nano delivery systems to the rescue of ciprofloxacin against resistant bacteria "E. coli; P. aeruginosa; Saureus; and MRSA" and their infections. J Control Release 2022; 349:338-353. [PMID: 35820538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is used extensively for the treatment of diverse infections and diseases of bacteria origin, and this includes infections caused by E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; and MRSA. This extensive use of CIP has therefore led to an increase in resistance by these infection causing organisms. Nano delivery systems has recently proven to be a possible solution to resistance to these organisms. They have been applied as a strategy to improve the target specificity of CIP against infections and diseases caused by these organisms, thereby maximising the efficacy of CIP to overcome the resistance. Herein, we proffer a brief overview of the mechanisms of resistance; the causes of resistance; and the various approaches employed to overcome this resistance. The review then proceeds to critically evaluate various nano delivery systems including inorganic based nanoparticles; lipid-based nanoparticles; capsules, dendrimers, hydrogels, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles; and others; that have been applied for the delivery of CIP against E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; and MRSA infections. Finally, the review highlights future areas of research, for the optimisation of various nano delivery systems, to maximise the therapeutic efficacy of CIP against these organisms. This review confirms the potential of nano delivery systems, for addressing the challenges of resistance to caused by E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; and MRSA to CIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Nwabuife
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Calvin A Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, P. O. Box 14634-00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa..
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20
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Dubashynskaya NV, Bokatyi AN, Gasilova ER, Dobrodumov AV, Dubrovskii YA, Knyazeva ES, Nashchekina YA, Demyanova EV, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan-colistin conjugates: Synthesis, characterization, and prospects for medical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:243-252. [PMID: 35724903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology-based antibiotic delivery systems (nanoantibiotics) is an important challenge in the effort to combat microbial multidrug resistance. These systems have improved biopharmaceutical characteristics by increasing local bioavailability and reducing systemic toxicity and the number and frequency of drug side effects. Conjugation of low -molecular -weight antibacterial agents with natural polysaccharides is an effective strategy for developing optimal targeted delivery systems with programmed release and reduced cytotoxicity. This study describes the synthesis of conjugates of colistin (CT) and hyaluronic acid (HA) using carbodiimide chemistry to conjugate the amino groups of CT with the carboxyl groups of HA. The obtained polysaccharide carriers had a degree of substitution (DS) with CT molecules of 3-10 %, and the CT content was 129-377 μg/mg. The size of the fabricated particles was 300-600 nm; in addition, there were conjugates in the form of single macromolecules (30-50 nm). The ζ-potential of developed systems was about -20 mV. In vitro release studies at pH 7.4 and pH 5.2 showed slow hydrolysis of amide bonds, with a CT release of 1-5 % after 24 h. The conjugates retained antimicrobial activity depending on the DS: at DS 8 %, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the conjugate corresponded to the MIC of free CT. The resulting systems also reduced CT nephrotoxicity by 20-50 %. These new conjugates of CT with HA are promising for the development of nanodrugs for safe and effective antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anton N Bokatyi
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation; Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, St. Petersburg, Petrodvorets, 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina R Gasilova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy V Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Yuliya A Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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21
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Rippon MG, Westgate S, Rogers AA. Implications of endotoxins in wound healing: a narrative review. J Wound Care 2022; 31:380-392. [PMID: 35579309 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.5.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins are thought to play a role in delayed wound healing in critically colonised and infected wounds. Endotoxins are released from Gram-negative bacteria when they are lysed by host phagocytic cells during an immune response, or by antimicrobial agents, potentially leading to a detrimental effect on the host tissues. Endotoxins can affect all aspects of the wound healing process, leading to delayed healing and contributing to wound chronicity. Release of endotoxins by bacteria can also have serious systemic effects (for example, septic shock) that can lead to high levels of patient mortality. This review summarises the role and implications on wound healing of bacterial endotoxins, describing the impact of endotoxins on the various phases of the wound healing response. There is a paucity of in vivo/clinical evidence linking endotoxins attributed to a wound (via antibiotic treatment) or their release from infecting bacteria with parameters of delayed wound healing. Future work should investigate if this link is apparent and determine the mechanism(s) by which such detrimental effects occur, offering an opportunity to identify possible treatment pathways. This paper describes the phenomenon of antimicrobial-induced endotoxin release and summarises the use of wound dressings to reduce wound bioburden without inducing microbial death and subsequent release of endotoxins, thus limiting their detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Rippon
- University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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22
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Iudin D, Vasilieva M, Knyazeva E, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Demyanova E, Lavrentieva A, Skorik Y, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Hybrid Nanoparticles and Composite Hydrogel Systems for Delivery of Peptide Antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2771. [PMID: 35269910 PMCID: PMC8911036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a global threat to human health. For this reason, the search for ways to enhance the antibacterial activity of existing antibiotics is now an urgent medical task. The aim of this study was to develop novel delivery systems for polymyxins to improve their antimicrobial properties against various infections. For this, hybrid core-shell nanoparticles, consisting of silver core and a poly(glutamic acid) shell capable of polymyxin binding, were developed and carefully investigated. Characterization of the hybrid nanoparticles revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 100 nm and a negative electrokinetic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity, a low uptake by macrophages, and their own antimicrobial activity. Drug loading and loading efficacy were determined for both polymyxin B and E, and the maximal loaded value with an appropriate size of the delivery systems was 450 µg/mg of nanoparticles. Composite materials based on agarose hydrogel were prepared, containing both the loaded hybrid systems and free antibiotics. The features of polymyxin release from the hybrid nanoparticles and the composite materials were studied, and the mechanisms of release were analyzed using different theoretical models. The antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for both the polymyxin hybrid and the composite delivery systems. All tested samples inhibited bacterial growth. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the polymyxin B hybrid delivery system demonstrated a synergistic effect when compared with either the antibiotic or the silver nanoparticles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Iudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Marina Vasilieva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Elena Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Viktor Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yury Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
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23
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Bellotto O, Semeraro S, Bandiera A, Tramer F, Pavan N, Marchesan S. Polymer Conjugates of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) with d-Amino Acids (d-aa): State of the Art and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020446. [PMID: 35214178 PMCID: PMC8879212 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have enjoyed a renaissance, as the world is currently facing an emergency in terms of severe infections that evade antibiotics’ treatment. This is due to the increasing emergence and spread of resistance mechanisms. Covalent conjugation with polymers is an interesting strategy to modulate the pharmacokinetic profile of AMPs and enhance their biocompatibility profile. It can also be an effective approach to develop active coatings for medical implants and devices, and to avoid biofilm formation on their surface. In this concise review, we focus on the last 5 years’ progress in this area, pertaining in particular to AMPs that contain d-amino acids, as well as their role, and the advantages that may arise from their introduction into AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Bellotto
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Semeraro
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Antonella Bandiera
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Federica Tramer
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (A.B.); (F.T.)
| | - Nicola Pavan
- Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (O.B.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Ledger EVK, Sabnis A, Edwards AM. Polymyxin and lipopeptide antibiotics: membrane-targeting drugs of last resort. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001136. [PMID: 35118938 PMCID: PMC8941995 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The polymyxin and lipopeptide classes of antibiotics are membrane-targeting drugs of last resort used to treat infections caused by multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Despite similar structures, these two antibiotic classes have distinct modes of action and clinical uses. The polymyxins target lipopolysaccharide in the membranes of most Gram-negative species and are often used to treat infections caused by carbapenem-resistant species such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. By contrast, the lipopeptide daptomycin requires membrane phosphatidylglycerol for activity and is only used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, despite having distinct targets, both antibiotic classes cause membrane disruption, are potently bactericidal in vitro and share similarities in resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, there are concerns about the efficacy of these antibiotics, and there is increasing interest in using both polymyxins and daptomycin in combination therapies to improve patient outcomes. In this review article, we will explore what is known about these distinct but structurally similar classes of antibiotics, discuss recent advances in the field and highlight remaining gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V. K. Ledger
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Akshay Sabnis
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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25
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Wu M, He S, Tang H, Hu H, Shi Y. Molecular Engineering of Polymyxin B for Imaging and Treatment of Bacterial Infections. Front Chem 2022; 9:809584. [PMID: 35071190 PMCID: PMC8776826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.809584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and the lack of novel antibiotics to combat them have led to the revival of polymyxin B, a previously abandoned antibiotic due to its potential nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. To facilitate its widely clinical applications, increasing effort has been devoted to molecularly engineer polymyxin B for the targeted imaging and effective treatment of bacterial infections. Herein, the molecular engineering strategies will be summarized in this mini review, with selected recent advances for illustration. Perspective of the challenges and trends in this exciting and eagerly anticipated research area will also be provided in the end. We hope this mini review will inspire researchers from diverse fields to bring forward the next wave of exploiting molecular engineering approaches to propel the “old” polymyxin B to “new” clinical significance in combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shipeng He
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
| | - Honggang Hu
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yejiao Shi
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Hua Tang, ; Yejiao Shi,
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26
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Segovia R, Solé J, Marqués AM, Cajal Y, Rabanal F. Unveiling the Membrane and Cell Wall Action of Antimicrobial Cyclic Lipopeptides: Modulation of the Spectrum of Activity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122180. [PMID: 34959460 PMCID: PMC8708274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health challenge, and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria are particularly dangerous. The threat of running out of active molecules is accelerated by the extensive use of antibiotics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and new antibiotics are urgently needed. Colistin and polymyxin B are natural antibiotics considered as last resort drugs for multi-resistant infections, but their use is limited because of neuro- and nephrotoxicity. We previously reported a series of synthetic analogues inspired in natural polymyxins with a flexible scaffold that allows multiple modifications to improve activity and reduce toxicity. In this work, we focus on modifications in the hydrophobic domains, describing analogues that broaden or narrow the spectrum of activity including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MICs in the low µM range and low hemolytic activity. Using biophysical methods, we explore the interaction of the new molecules with model membranes that mimic the bacterial inner and outer membranes, finding a selective effect on anionic membranes and a mechanism of action based on the alteration of membrane function. Transmission electron microscopy observation confirms that polymyxin analogues kill microbial cells primarily by damaging membrane integrity. Redistribution of the hydrophobicity within the polymyxin molecule seems a plausible approach for the design and development of safer and more selective antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Segovia
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Judith Solé
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Marqués
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Cajal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesc Rabanal
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (F.R.)
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27
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Shi Y, Wareham DW, Yuan Y, Deng X, Mata A, Azevedo HS. Polymyxin B-Triggered Assembly of Peptide Hydrogels for Localized and Sustained Release of Combined Antimicrobial Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101465. [PMID: 34523266 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing old antibiotics into more effective and safer formulations is an emergent approach to tackle the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Herein, a peptide hydrogel is reported for the localized and sustained release of polymyxin B (PMB), a decade-old antibiotic with increasing clinical utility for treating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The hydrogel is assembled by additing PMB solution into a rationally designed peptide amphiphile (PA) solution and its mechanical properties can be adjusted through the addition of counterions, envisioning its application in diverse infection scenarios. Sustained release of PMB from the hydrogel over a 5-day period and prolonged antimicrobial activities against Gram-negative bacteria are observed. The localized release of active PMB from the hydrogel is shown to be effective in vivo for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the Galleria mellonella burn wound infection model, dramatically reducing the mortality from 93% to 13%. Complementary antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and enhanced antimicrobial effect against the Gram-negative Acinetobacter baumannii are observed when an additional antibiotic fusidic acid is incorporated into the hydrogen network. These results demonstrate the potential of the PMB-triggered PA hydrogel as a versatile platform for the localized and sustained delivery of combined antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejiao Shi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
- Institute of Bioengineering Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - David W. Wareham
- Center for Immunobiology The Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London E1 2AT UK
- Barts Health NHS Trust London E1 2AT UK
| | - Yichen Yuan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
- Institute of Bioengineering Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Xinru Deng
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
- Institute of Bioengineering Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
| | - Alvaro Mata
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2AT UK
- Biodiscovery Institute University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
- Institute of Bioengineering Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK
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28
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Gera S, Kankuri E, Kogermann K. Antimicrobial peptides - Unleashing their therapeutic potential using nanotechnology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107990. [PMID: 34592202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent, mostly cationic, and amphiphilic broad-spectrum host defense antimicrobials that are produced by all organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans. In addition to their antimicrobial actions, they modulate inflammatory and immune responses and promote wound healing. Although they have clear benefits over traditional antibiotic drugs, their wide therapeutic utilization is compromised by concerns of toxicity, stability, and production costs. Recent advances in nanotechnology have attracted increasing interest to unleash the AMPs' immense potential as broad-spectrum antibiotics and anti-biofilm agents, against which the bacteria have less chances to develop resistance. Topical application of AMPs promotes migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and contributes significantly to an accelerated wound healing process. Delivery of AMPs by employing nanotechnological approaches avoids the major disadvantages of AMPs, such as instability and toxicity, and provides a controlled delivery profile together with prolonged activity. In this review, we provide an overview of the key properties of AMPs and discuss the latest developments in topical AMP therapy using nanocarriers. We use chronic hard-to-heal wounds-complicated by infections, inflammation, and stagnated healing-as an example of an unmet medical need for which the AMPs' wide range of therapeutic actions could provide the most potential benefit. The use of innovative materials and sophisticated nanotechnological approaches offering various possibilities are discussed in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gera
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Karin Kogermann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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29
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Dubashynskaya NV, Raik SV, Dubrovskii YA, Demyanova EV, Shcherbakova ES, Poshina DN, Shasherina AY, Anufrikov YA, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/Diethylaminoethyl Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complexes as Carriers for Improved Colistin Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8381. [PMID: 34445088 PMCID: PMC8395075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the therapeutic characteristics of antibiotics is an effective strategy for controlling the growth of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a colistin (CT) delivery system based on hyaluronic acid (HA) and the water-soluble cationic chitosan derivative, diethylaminoethyl chitosan (DEAECS). The CT delivery system was a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) obtained by interpolymeric interactions between the HA polyanion and the DEAECS polycation, with simultaneous inclusion of positively charged CT molecules into the resulting complex. The developed PEC had a hydrodynamic diameter of 210-250 nm and a negative surface charge (ζ-potential = -19 mV); the encapsulation and loading efficiencies were 100 and 16.7%, respectively. The developed CT delivery systems were characterized by modified release (30-40% and 85-90% of CT released in 15 and 60 min, respectively) compared to pure CT (100% CT released in 15 min). In vitro experiments showed that the encapsulation of CT in polysaccharide carriers did not reduce its antimicrobial activity, as the minimum inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa of both encapsulated CT and pure CT were 1 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V. Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Sergei V. Raik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Yaroslav A. Dubrovskii
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
- Research and Training Center of Molecular and Cellular Technologies, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova 14, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.D.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Elena S. Shcherbakova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.D.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Daria N. Poshina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
| | - Anna Y. Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yuri A. Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.S.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yury A. Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.V.D.); (S.V.R.); (D.N.P.)
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30
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Dubashynskaya NV, Raik SV, Dubrovskii YA, Shcherbakova ES, Demyanova EV, Shasherina AY, Anufrikov YA, Poshina DN, Dobrodumov AV, Skorik YA. Hyaluronan/colistin polyelectrolyte complexes: Promising antiinfective drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:157-165. [PMID: 34298050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based modification of known antimicrobial agents is a rational and straightforward way to improve their safety and effectiveness. The aim of this study was to develop colistin (CT)-loaded polymeric carriers based on hyaluronic acid (HA) for potential application as antimicrobial agents against multi-resistant gram-negative microorganisms (including ESKAPE pathogens). CT-containing particles were obtained via a polyelectrolyte interaction between protonated CT amino groups and HA carboxyl groups (the CT-HA complex formation constant [logKCT-HA] was about 5.0). The resulting polyelectrolyte complexes had a size of 210-250 nm and a negative charge (ζ-potential -19 mV), with encapsulation and loading efficiencies of 100% and 20%, respectively. The developed CT delivery systems were characterized by modified release (45% and 85% of CT released in 15 and 60 min, respectively) compared to pure CT (100% CT released in 15 min). In vitro tests showed that the encapsulation of CT in polymer particles did not reduce its pharmacological activity; the minimum inhibitory concentrations of both encapsulated CT and pure CT were 1 μg/mL (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia V Dubashynskaya
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei V Raik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav A Dubrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation; Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova 2, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popova 14, St. Petersburg 197376, Russian Federation
| | - Elena S Shcherbakova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, St Petersburg 197110, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Y Shasherina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri A Anufrikov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, St. Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Daria N Poshina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy V Dobrodumov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
| | - Yury A Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation.
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31
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, Araújo PM. Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Assemblies: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5424. [PMID: 34063877 PMCID: PMC8196616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An antimicrobial supramolecular assembly (ASA) is conspicuous in biomedical applications. Among the alternatives to overcome microbial resistance to antibiotics and drugs, ASAs, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and polymers (APs), provide formulations with optimal antimicrobial activity and acceptable toxicity. AMPs and APs have been delivered by a variety of carriers such as nanoparticles, coatings, multilayers, hydrogels, liposomes, nanodisks, lyotropic lipid phases, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc. They have similar mechanisms of action involving adsorption to the cell wall, penetration across the cell membrane, and microbe lysis. APs, however, offer the advantage of cheap synthetic procedures, chemical stability, and improved adsorption (due to multipoint attachment to microbes), as compared to the expensive synthetic routes, poor yield, and subpar in vivo stability seen in AMPs. We review recent advances in polymer-based antimicrobial assemblies involving AMPs and APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
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32
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Aboumanei MH, Mahmoud AF, Motaleb MA. Formulation of chitosan coated nanoliposomes for the oral delivery of colistin sulfate: in vitro characterization, 99mTc-radiolabeling and in vivo biodistribution studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:626-635. [PMID: 33834934 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colistin sulfate is a very important antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Unfortunately, it has low oral bioavailability and several side effects following parenteral administration. The present study aims to develop chitosan-coated colistin nanoliposomes to improve the stability in the gastrointestinal tract and to enhance the oral delivery of colistin. The chitosan-coated colistin nanoliposomes were obtained via thin-film evaporation and electrostatic deposition methods using either Span 60, Tween 65 or Tween 80 as surfactants with different cholesterol: surfactant: soya lecithin ratios. The influence of systems variables was further characterized by vesicle size analysis, zeta potential (ZP), poly dispersibility index (PDI), and also their entrapment efficiency percentage (EE %) was evaluated. Various systems were formed with vesicle sizes in the nano-range, 155.64 ± 12.53 nm to 315.64 ± 15.90 nm, and EE % of 45.2 ± 2.9% to 81.8 ± 2.9%. Moreover, the ZP value of the prepared nanoliposomes switched from a negative to a positive value after chitosan coating. To track the released colistin in vivo, technetium 99m (99mTc) was incorporated into the optimum system (S-3) system via direct coupling with colistin. Chitosan-coated 99mTc-colistin nanoliposome, 99mTc-colistin suspension, and 99mTc-chitosan-coated nanoliposomes (placebo) were administered orally into bacterial infection (Escherichia coli) bearing mice. The biodistribution results showed that chitosan-coated nanoliposome significantly enhanced the bioavailability of colistin compared to colistin suspension (the commercially available). Moreover, the system effectively improved the localization of colistin at the infected muscle. In conclusion, this approach offers a promising tool for enhanced oral delivery of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Aboumanei
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashgan F Mahmoud
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M A Motaleb
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Lab Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Iudin D, Zashikhina N, Demyanova E, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Shcherbakova E, Boroznjak R, Tarasenko I, Zakharova N, Lavrentieva A, Skorik Y, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Polypeptide Self-Assembled Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Polymyxins B and E. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E868. [PMID: 32933030 PMCID: PMC7558620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins are peptide antibiotics that are highly efficient against many multidrug resistant pathogens. However, the poor stability of polymyxins in the bloodstream requires the administration of high drug doses that, in turn, can lead to polymyxin toxicity. Consequently, different delivery systems have been considered for polymyxins to overcome these obstacles. In this work, we report the development of polymyxin delivery systems based on nanoparticles obtained from the self-assembly of amphiphilic random poly(l-glutamic acid-co-d-phenylalanine). These P(Glu-co-dPhe) nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their size, surface charge, stability, cytotoxicity, and uptake by macrophages. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading into P(Glu-co-dPhe) nanoparticles were determined for both polymyxin B and E. The release kinetics of polymyxins B and E from nanoformulations was studied and compared in buffer solution and human blood plasma. The release mechanisms were analyzed using a number of mathematical models. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the nanoformulations were established and compared with those determined for the free antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Iudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 198584 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia Zashikhina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Viktor Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, 198584 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Shcherbakova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Federal Medical-Biological Agency, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Roman Boroznjak
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Irina Tarasenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Natalya Zakharova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yury Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (N.Z.); (I.T.); (N.Z.); (Y.S.)
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Bhattacharjya S, Straus SK. Design, Engineering and Discovery of Novel α-Helical and β-Boomerang Antimicrobial Peptides against Drug Resistant Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165773. [PMID: 32796755 PMCID: PMC7460851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where the pipeline of new antibiotic development is drying up, the continuous rise of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) bacteria are genuine threats to human health. Although antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may serve as promising leads against drug resistant bacteria, only a few AMPs are in advanced clinical trials. The limitations of AMPs, namely their low in vivo activity, toxicity, and poor bioavailability, need to be addressed. Here, we review engineering of frog derived short α-helical AMPs (aurein, temporins) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding designed β-boomerang AMPs for further development. The discovery of novel cell selective AMPs from the human proprotein convertase furin is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Suzana K. Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (S.K.S.)
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Ayoub Moubareck C. Polymyxins and Bacterial Membranes: A Review of Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080181. [PMID: 32784516 PMCID: PMC7463838 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Following their initial discovery in the 1940s, polymyxin antibiotics fell into disfavor due to their potential clinical toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity. However, the dry antibiotic development pipeline, together with the rising global prevalence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria have both rejuvenated clinical interest in these polypeptide antibiotics. Parallel to the revival of their use, investigations into the mechanisms of action and resistance to polymyxins have intensified. With an initial known effect on biological membranes, research has uncovered the detailed molecular and chemical interactions that polymyxins have with Gram-negative outer membranes and lipopolysaccharide structure. In addition, genetic and epidemiological studies have revealed the basis of resistance to these agents. Nowadays, resistance to polymyxins in MDR Gram-negative pathogens is well elucidated, with chromosomal as well as plasmid-encoded, transferrable pathways. The aims of the current review are to highlight the important chemical, microbiological, and pharmacological properties of polymyxins, to discuss their mechanistic effects on bacterial membranes, and to revise the current knowledge about Gram-negative acquired resistance to these agents. Finally, recent research, directed towards new perspectives for improving these old agents utilized in the 21st century, to combat drug-resistant pathogens, is summarized.
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