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Saadh MJ, Mustafa MA, Kumar A, Alamir HTA, Kumar A, Khudair SA, Faisal A, Alubiady MHS, Jalal SS, Shafik SS, Ahmad I, Khry FAF, Abosaoda MK. Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:140. [PMID: 38890191 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
| | | | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Sarah Salah Jalal
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Shafik Shaker Shafik
- Experimental Nuclear Radiation Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faeza A F Khry
- Faculty of pharmacy, department of pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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He X, Liang D, Zhou J, Li K, Xie B, Liang C, Liu C, Chen Z, Chen X, Long A, Zhuo S, Su X, Luo Y, Chen W, Zhao F, Jiang X. Nucleus-targeting DNase I self-assembly delivery system guided by pirarubicin for programmed multi-drugs release and combined anticancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131514. [PMID: 38608986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The cell nucleus serves as the pivotal command center of living cells, and delivering therapeutic agents directly into the nucleus can result in highly efficient anti-tumor eradication of cancer cells. However, nucleus-targeting drug delivery is very difficult due to the presence of numerous biological barriers. Here, three antitumor drugs (DNase I, ICG: indocyanine green, and THP: pirarubicin) were sequentially triggered protein self-assembly to produce a nucleus-targeting and programmed responsive multi-drugs delivery system (DIT). DIT consisted of uniform spherical particles with a size of 282 ± 7.7 nm. The acidic microenvironment of tumors and near-infrared light could successively trigger DIT for the programmed release of three drugs, enabling targeted delivery to the tumor. THP served as a nucleus-guiding molecule and a chemotherapy drug. Through THP-guided DIT, DNase I was successfully delivered to the nucleus of tumor cells and killed them by degrading their DNA. Tumor acidic microenvironment had the ability to induce DIT, leading to the aggregation of sufficient ICG in the tumor tissues. This provided an opportunity for the photothermal therapy of ICG. Hence, three drugs were cleverly combined using a simple method to achieve multi-drugs targeted delivery and highly effective combined anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kangjing Li
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Beibei Xie
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunyun Liang
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ao Long
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shufang Zhuo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenxia Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinglu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Li Y, Zhou S, Song H, Yu T, Zheng X, Chu Q. CaCO 3 nanoparticles incorporated with KAE to enable amplified calcium overload cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121080. [PMID: 34488120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium overload therapy has attracted widespread attention in oncological field, whereas its efficacy has been limited due to insufficient calcium ions in tumor site and poor efficiency of calcium entering tumor, resulting in dissatisfied therapeutic effect. Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KAE), a biosafe flavone with excellent anti-cancer ability, can effectively disrupt calcium homeostasis regulation and facilitate calcium influx, while calcium carbonate (CaCO3) serves as an ideal calcium ions supplier. Inspired by these concepts, KAE loaded into CaCO3 nanoparticles and incorporated with the cancer cell membrane (M) for synergistic tumor therapy. In this therapeutic platform (M@CaCO3@KAE), membrane coating ensures targeted delivery of CaCO3@KAE. Upon reaching tumor, CaCO3@KAE specifically responds to tumor microenvironment, consequently releases KAE and calcium ions. KAE effectively breaks the calcium balance, while calcium ions remarkably aggravate and magnify KAE-mediated calcium overload. Accordingly, mitochondrial structure and functions are destructed, causing cytoskeleton collapse and oxidative stress, leading to cancerous cellular apoptosis. With the combined and cascaded efficacy, considerable in vitro and in vivo tumor inhibition was achieved by M@CaCO3@KAE. This study provides an alternative nano-system, acting as a biomimetic calcium bomb, to ensure targeted, synergistic, efficient and biosafe calcium overload tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglu Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Chu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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