1
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Villafuerte-Vega RC, Li HW, Bergman AE, Slaney TR, Chennamsetty N, Chen G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding Rapidly Characterize the Structural Polydispersity and Stability of an Fc-Fusion Protein. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10003-10012. [PMID: 38853531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Fc-fusion proteins are an emerging class of protein therapeutics that combine the properties of biological ligands with the unique properties of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of an immunoglobulin G (IgG). Due to their diverse higher-order structures (HOSs), Fc-fusion proteins remain challenging characterization targets within biopharmaceutical pipelines. While high-resolution biophysical tools are available for HOS characterization, they frequently demand extended time frames and substantial quantities of purified samples, rendering them impractical for swiftly screening candidate molecules. Herein, we describe the development of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) workflows that aim to fill this technology gap, where we focus on probing the HOS of a model Fc-Interleukin-10 (Fc-IL-10) fusion protein engineered using flexible glycine-serine linkers. We evaluate the ability of these techniques to probe the flexibility of Fc-IL-10 in the absence of bulk solvent relative to other proteins of similar size, as well as localize structural changes of low charge state Fc-IL-10 ions to specific Fc and IL-10 unfolding events during CIU. We subsequently apply these tools to probe the local effects of glycine-serine linkers on the HOS and stability of IL-10 homodimer, which is the biologically active form of IL-10. Our data reveals that Fc-IL-10 produces significantly more structural transitions during CIU and broader IM profiles when compared to a wide range of model proteins, indicative of its exceptional structural dynamism. Furthermore, we use a combination of enzymatic approaches to annotate these intricate CIU data and localize specific transitions to the unfolding of domains within Fc-IL-10. Finally, we detect a strong positive, quadratic relationship between average linker mass and fusion protein stability, suggesting a cooperative influence between glycine-serine linkers and overall fusion protein stability. This is the first reported study on the use of IM-MS and CIU to characterize HOS of Fc-fusion proteins, illustrating the practical applicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Addison E Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Benazza R, Koutsopetras I, Vaur V, Chaubet G, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. SEC-MS in denaturing conditions (dSEC-MS) for in-depth analysis of rebridged monoclonal antibody-based formats. Talanta 2024; 272:125727. [PMID: 38364570 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Disulfide rebridging methods are emerging recently as new ways to specifically modify antibody-based entities and produce future conjugates. Briefly, the solvent-accessible disulfide bonds of antibodies or antigen-binding fragments (Fab) thereof are reduced under controlled conditions and further covalently attached with a rebridging agent allowing the incorporation of one payload per disulfide bond. There are many examples of successful rebridging cases providing homogeneous conjugates due to the use of symmetrical reagents, such as dibromomaleimides. However, partial rebridging due to the use of unsymmetrical ones, containing functional groups with different reactivity, usually leads to the development of heterogeneous species that cannot be identified by a simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to its lack of sensitivity, resolution and low mass accuracy. Mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS) approaches have already been demonstrated as highly promising alternatives for the characterization of newly developed antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based formats. We report here the in-depth characterization of covalently rebridged antibodies and Fab fragments in-development, using size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry in denaturing conditions (denaturing SEC-MS, dSEC-MS). DSEC-MS was used to monitor closely the rebridging reaction of a conjugated trastuzumab, in addition to conjugated Fab fragments, which allowed an unambiguous identification of the covalently rebridged products along with the unbound species. This all-in-one approach allowed a straightforward analysis of the studied samples with precise mass measurement; critical quality attributes (CQAs) assessment along with rebridging efficiency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benazza
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ilias Koutsopetras
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67087 Strasbourg, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Watts E, Bashyal A, Dunham SD, Crittenden CM, Brodbelt JS. Enhanced Characterization of Lysine-Linked Antibody Drug Conjugates Enabled by Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry and Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation-Triggered Electron-Transfer/Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation and Ultraviolet Photodissociation. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38651410 PMCID: PMC11036284 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As the development of new biotherapeutics advances, increasingly sophisticated tandem mass spectrometry methods are needed to characterize the most complex molecules, including antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). Lysine-linked ADCs, such as trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1), are among the most heterogeneous biotherapeutics. Here, we implement a workflow that combines limited proteolysis with HCD-triggered EThcD and UVPD mass spectrometry for the characterization of the resulting middle-down large-sized peptides of T-DM1. Fifty-three payload-containing peptides were identified, ranging in mass from 1.8 to 16.9 kDa, and leading to the unambiguous identification of 46 out of 92 possible conjugation sites. In addition, seven peptides were identified containing multiple payloads. The characterization of these types of heterogeneous peptides represents an important step in unraveling the combinatorial nature of lysine-conjugated ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Aarti Bashyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | - Sean D. Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (E.W.); (A.B.)
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4
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Li M, Zhao X, Yu C, Wang L. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Overview: a State-of-the-art Manufacturing Process and Control Strategy. Pharm Res 2024; 41:419-440. [PMID: 38366236 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise an antibody, linker, and drug, which direct their highly potent small molecule drugs to target tumor cells via specific binding between the antibody and surface antigens. The antibody, linker, and drug should be properly designed or selected to achieve the desired efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. With a unique and complex structure, there is inherent heterogeneity introduced by product-related variations and the manufacturing process. Here this review primarily covers recent key advances in ADC history, clinical development status, molecule design, manufacturing processes, and quality control. The manufacturing process, especially the conjugation process, should be carefully developed, characterized, validated, and controlled throughout its lifecycle. Quality control is another key element to ensure product quality and patient safety. A patient-centric strategy has been well recognized and adopted by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic proteins, and has been successfully implemented for ADCs as well, to ensure that ADC products maintain their quality until the end of their shelf life. Deep product understanding and process knowledge defines attribute testing strategies (ATS). Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach for process and product development, and for defining an overall control strategy. Finally, we summarize the current challenges on ADC development and provide some perspectives that may help to give related directions and trigger more cross-functional research to surmount those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Dhenin J, Lafont V, Dupré M, Krick A, Mauriac C, Chamot-Rooke J. Monitoring mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma using an automated immunocapture combined with top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300069. [PMID: 37480175 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. Once the developability of a mAb drug candidate has been assessed, an important step is to check its in vivo stability through pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. The gold standard is ligand-binding assay (LBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) performed at the peptide level (bottom-up approach). However, these analytical techniques do not allow to address the different mAb proteoforms that can arise from biotransformation. In recent years, top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry approaches have gained popularity to characterize proteins at the proteoform level but are not yet widely used for PK studies. We propose here a workflow based on an automated immunocapture followed by top-down and middle-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches to characterize mAb proteoforms spiked in mouse plasma. We demonstrate the applicability of our workflow on a large concentration range using pembrolizumab as a model. We also compare the performance of two state-of-the-art Orbitrap platforms (Tribrid Eclipse and Exploris 480) for these studies. The added value of our workflow for an accurate and sensitive characterization of mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dhenin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- DMPK, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
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6
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Villafuerte-Vega RC, Li HW, Slaney TR, Chennamsetty N, Chen G, Tao L, Ruotolo BT. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry and Collision-Induced Unfolding of Designed Bispecific Antibody Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6962-6970. [PMID: 37067470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a critically important class of emerging therapeutics capable of targeting two different antigens simultaneously. As such, bsAbs have been developed as effective treatment agents for diseases that remain challenging for conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics to access. Despite these advantages, bsAbs are intricate molecules, requiring both the appropriate engineering and pairing of heavy and light chains derived from separate parent mAbs. Current analytical tools for tracking the bsAb construction process have demonstrated a limited ability to robustly probe the higher-order structure (HOS) of bsAbs. Native ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and collision-induced unfolding (CIU) have proven to be useful tools in probing the HOS of mAb therapeutics. In this report, we describe a series of detailed and quantitative IM-MS and CIU data sets that reveal HOS details associated with a knob-into-hole (KiH) bsAb model system and its corresponding parent mAbs. We find that quantitative analysis of CIU data indicates that global KiH bsAb stability occupies an intermediate space between the stabilities recorded for its parent mAbs. Furthermore, our CIU data identify the hole-containing half of the KiH bsAb construct to be the least stable, thus driving much of the overall stability of the KiH bsAb. An analysis of both intact bsAb and enzymatic fragments allows us to associate the first and second CIU transitions observed for the intact KiH bsAb to the unfolding Fab and Fc domains, respectively. This result is likely general for CIU data collected for low charge state mAb ions and is supported by data acquired for deglycosylated KiH bsAb and mAb constructs, each of which indicates greater destabilization of the second CIU transition observed in our data. When integrated, our CIU analysis allows us to link changes in the first CIU transition primarily to the Fab region of the hole-containing halfmer, while the second CIU transition is likely strongly connected to the Fc region of the knob-containing halfmer. Taken together, our results provide an unprecedented road map for evaluating the domain-level stabilities and HOS of both KiH bsAb and mAb constructs using CIU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas R Slaney
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Beck A, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Cianférani S. Benefits and Limitations of High-Resolution Cyclic IM-MS for Conformational Characterization of Native Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4162-4171. [PMID: 36780376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently represent the main class of therapeutic proteins. mAbs approved by regulatory agencies are selected from IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses, which possess different interchain disulfide connectivities. Ion mobility coupled to native mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has emerged as a valuable approach to tackle the challenging characterization of mAbs' higher order structures. However, due to the limited resolution of first-generation IM-MS instruments, subtle conformational differences on large proteins have long been hard to capture. Recent technological developments have aimed at increasing available IM resolving powers and acquisition mode capabilities, namely, through the release of high-resolution IM-MS (HR-IM-MS) instruments, like cyclic IM-MS (cIM-MS). Here, we outline the advantages and drawbacks of cIM-MS for better conformational characterization of intact mAbs (∼150 kDa) in native conditions compared to first-generation instruments. We first assessed the extent to which multipass cIM-MS experiments could improve the separation of mAbs' conformers. These initial results evidenced some limitations of HR-IM-MS for large native biomolecules which possess rich conformational landscapes that remain challenging to decipher even with higher IM resolving powers. Conversely, for collision-induced unfolding (CIU) approaches, higher resolution proved to be particularly useful (i) to reveal new unfolding states and (ii) to enhance the separation of coexisting activated states, thus allowing one to apprehend gas-phase CIU behaviors of mAbs directly at the intact level. Altogether, this study offers a first panoramic overview of the capabilities of cIM-MS for therapeutic mAbs, paving the way for more widespread HR-IM-MS/CIU characterization of mAb-derived formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois 74160, France
| | - David Ropartz
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- UR BIA, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France.,PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes F-44316, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, Strasbourg 67087, France
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8
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van Schaick G, Domínguez-Vega E, Castel J, Wuhrer M, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Online Collision-Induced Unfolding of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Glyco-Variants through Direct Hyphenation of Cation Exchange Chromatography with Native Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3932-3939. [PMID: 36791123 PMCID: PMC9979139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) not only substantially increase structural heterogeneity of proteins but can also alter the conformation or even biological functions. Monitoring of these PTMs is particularly important for therapeutic products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), since their efficacy and safety may depend on the PTM profile. Innovative analytical strategies should be developed to map these PTMs as well as explore possible induced conformational changes. Cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) coupled with native mass spectrometry has already emerged as a valuable asset for the characterization of mAb charge variants. Nevertheless, questions regarding protein conformation cannot be explored using this approach. Thus, we have combined CEX separation with collision-induced unfolding (CIU) experiments to monitor the unfolding pattern of separated mAbs and thereby pick up subtle conformational differences without impairing the CEX resolution. Using this novel strategy, only four CEX-CIU runs had to be recorded for a complete CIU fingerprint either at the intact mAb level or after enzymatic digestion at the mAb subunit level. As a proof of concept, CEX-CIU was first used for an isobaric mAb mixture to highlight the possibility to acquire individual CIU fingerprints of CEX-separated species without compromising CEX separation performances. CEX-CIU was next successfully applied to conformational characterization of mAb glyco-variants, in order to derive glycoform-specific information on the gas-phase unfolding, and CIU patterns of Fc fragments, revealing increased resistance of sialylated glycoforms against gas-phase unfolding. Altogether, we demonstrated the possibilities and benefits of combining CEX with CIU for in-depth characterization of mAb glycoforms, paving the way for linking conformational changes and resistance to gas-phase unfolding charge variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje van Schaick
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France,Infrastructure
Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048
CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France,
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9
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Jaramillo ML, Sulea T, Durocher Y, Acchione M, Schur MJ, Robotham A, Kelly JF, Goneau MF, Robert A, Cepero-Donates Y, Gilbert M. A glyco-engineering approach for site-specific conjugation to Fab glycans. MAbs 2023; 15:2149057. [PMID: 36447399 PMCID: PMC9715014 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2149057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective processes for synthesizing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) require: 1) site-specific incorporation of the payload to avoid interference with binding to the target epitope, 2) optimal drug/antibody ratio to achieve sufficient potency while avoiding aggregation or solubility problems, and 3) a homogeneous product to facilitate approval by regulatory agencies. In conventional ADCs, the drug molecules are chemically attached randomly to antibody surface residues (typically Lys or Cys), which can interfere with epitope binding and targeting, and lead to overall product heterogeneity, long-term colloidal instability and unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we present a more controlled process for generating ADCs where drug is specifically conjugated to only Fab N-linked glycans in a narrow ratio range through functionalized sialic acids. Using a bacterial sialytransferase, we incorporated N-azidoacetylneuraminic acid (Neu5NAz) into the Fab glycan of cetuximab. Since only about 20% of human IgG1 have a Fab glycan, we extended the application of this approach by using molecular modeling to introduce N-glycosylation sites in the Fab constant region of other therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We used trastuzumab as a model for the incorporation of Neu5NAz in the novel Fab glycans that we designed. ADCs were generated by clicking the incorporated Neu5NAz with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) attached to a self-immolative linker terminated with dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO). Through this process, we obtained cetuximab-MMAE and trastuzumab-MMAE with drug/antibody ratios in the range of 1.3 to 2.5. We confirmed that these ADCs still bind their targets efficiently and are as potent in cytotoxicity assays as control ADCs obtained by standard conjugation protocols. The site-directed conjugation to Fab glycans has the additional benefit of avoiding potential interference with effector functions that depend on Fc glycan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Mauro Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Melissa J. Schur
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John F. Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, H4P 2R2, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, ON, Canada,CONTACT Michel Gilbert Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, K1A 0R6Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Qi X, Li Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lin L. Research Trend of Publications Concerning Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Solid Cancer: A Bibliometric Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921385. [PMID: 35795565 PMCID: PMC9252465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a promising therapy for solid cancer that has raised global concern. Although several papers have reviewed the current state of ADCs in different solid cancers, a quantitative analysis of the publications in this field is scarce. Methods: Publications related to ADC in the field of solid cancer were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Data analyses were performed with VOSviewer 1.6.9, HistCite 2.1, CiteSpace V and R package Bibliometrix. Results: A total of 3,482 records were obtained in the holistic field and 1,197 in the clinical field. Steady growth in the number of publications was observed. The United States was the leading contributor in this field. Krop IE was the most influential author. The most productive institution was Genentech Inc., while Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr was the most cited one. The most impactful journal was the Journal of Clinical Oncology. A total of 37 burst references and five burst references were identified between 2017–2022 in the holistic and clinical fields, respectively. Keywords analysis indicated that ADCs research mainly involved breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and urothelial carcinoma. ADC agents including trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan, enfortumab vedotin, and rovalpituzumab tesirine were highly studied. Targets including HER2, trophoblast cell-surface antigen, mesothelin, delta-like ligand 3, and nectin-4 were the major concerns. Conclusion: This study analyzed publications concerning ADCs in the field of solid cancer with bibliometric analysis. Further clinical trials of ADCs and designs of the next generation of ADCs are the current focuses of the field. Acquired resistance of ADCs and biomarkers for ADC therapy efficacy monitoring are future concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Qi
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Chinese Classics Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhu Lin,
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11
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Deslignière E, Ollivier S, Ehkirch A, Martelet A, Ropartz D, Lechat N, Hernandez-Alba O, Menet JM, Clavier S, Rogniaux H, Genet B, Cianférani S. Combination of IM-Based Approaches to Unravel the Coexistence of Two Conformers on a Therapeutic Multispecific mAb. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7981-7989. [PMID: 35604400 PMCID: PMC9178554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Multispecific antibodies,
which target multiple antigens at once,
are emerging as promising therapeutic entities to offer more effective
treatment than conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However,
these highly complex mAb formats pose significant analytical challenges.
We report here on the characterization of a trispecific antibody (tsAb),
which presents two isomeric forms clearly separated and identified
with size exclusion chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry
(SEC-nMS). Previous studies showed that these isomers might originate
from a proline cis/trans isomerization
in one Fab subunit of the tsAb. We combined several innovative ion
mobility (IM)-based approaches to confirm the isomeric nature of the
two species and to gain new insights into the conformational landscape
of both isomers. Preliminary SEC-nIM-MS measurements performed on
a low IM resolution instrument provided the first hints of the coexistence
of different conformers, while complementary collision-induced unfolding
(CIU) experiments evidenced distinct gas-phase unfolding behaviors
upon activation for the two isomers. As subtle conformational differences
remained poorly resolved on our early generation IM platform, we performed
high-resolution cyclic IM (cIM-MS) to unambiguously conclude on the
coexistence of two conformers. The cis/trans equilibrium was further tackled by exploiting the IMn slicing capabilities of the cIM-MS instrument. Altogether, our results
clearly illustrate the benefits of combining state-of-the-art nMS
and IM-MS approaches to address challenging issues encountered in
biopharma. As engineered antibody constructs become increasingly sophisticated,
CIU and cIM-MS methodologies undoubtedly have the potential to integrate
the drug development analytical toolbox to achieve in-depth conformational
characterization of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evolène Deslignière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Ollivier
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armelle Martelet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Nelly Lechat
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Michel Menet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Séverine Clavier
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.,INRAE, BIBS Facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Genet
- CMC Development, BioAnalytics department France, SANOFI R&D, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67087 Strasbourg, France.,Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI - FR2048, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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12
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D. Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403-1253
| | - James S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403-1253
- Materials Science Institute, 1252 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 97403-1252
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13
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Seisenberger C, Graf T, Haindl M, Wegele H, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S. Toward optimal clearance - A universal affinity based mass spectrometry approach for comprehensive ELISA reagent coverage evaluation and HCP hitchhiker analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3244. [PMID: 35150475 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the control strategy for process related impurities in biopharmaceuticals the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the method of choice for the quantification of host cell proteins (HCP). Besides two dimensional - western blots (2D-WB), the coverage of ELISA antibodies is increasingly evaluated by affinity purification based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (AP-MS) methods. However, all these methods face the problem of unspecific binding issues between antibodies and the matrix, involving the application of arbitrarily defined thresholds during data evaluation. To solve this, a new approach (optimized AP-MS) was developed in this study, for which a cleavable linker was conjugated to the ELISA antibodies enabling the subsequent isolation of specifically interacting HCPs. By comparing both approaches in terms of method variability and the number of false positive or negative hits, we could demonstrate that the optimized AP-MS method is very reproducible and superior in the identification of antibody detection gaps, while previously described strategies suffered from over- or underestimating the coverage. As only antibody associated HCPs were identified, we demonstrated that the method is beneficial for hitchhiker analysis. Overall, the method described herein has proven as a powerful tool for reliable coverage determination of ELISA antibodies, without the need to arbitrarily exclude HCPs during the coverage evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
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15
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Studying protein structure and function by native separation–mass spectrometry. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:215-231. [PMID: 37117432 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in protein structure may have profound effects on biological function. Analytical techniques that permit characterization of proteins while maintaining their conformational and functional state are crucial for studying changes in the higher order structure of proteins and for establishing structure-function relationships. Coupling of native protein separations with mass spectrometry is emerging rapidly as a powerful approach to study these aspects in a reliable, fast and straightforward way. This Review presents the available native separation modes for proteins, covers practical considerations on the hyphenation of these separations with mass spectrometry and highlights the involvement of affinity-based separations to simultaneously obtain structural and functional information of proteins. The impact of these approaches is emphasized by selected applications addressing biomedical and biopharmaceutical research questions.
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16
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Abramsson ML, Sahin C, Hopper JTS, Branca RMM, Danielsson J, Xu M, Chandler SA, Österlund N, Ilag LL, Leppert A, Costeira-Paulo J, Lang L, Teilum K, Laganowsky A, Benesch JLP, Oliveberg M, Robinson CV, Marklund EG, Allison TM, Winther JR, Landreh M. Charge Engineering Reveals the Roles of Ionizable Side Chains in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JACS AU 2021; 1:2385-2393. [PMID: 34977906 PMCID: PMC8717373 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In solution, the charge of a protein is intricately linked to its stability, but electrospray ionization distorts this connection, potentially limiting the ability of native mass spectrometry to inform about protein structure and dynamics. How the behavior of intact proteins in the gas phase depends on the presence and distribution of ionizable surface residues has been difficult to answer because multiple chargeable sites are present in virtually all proteins. Turning to protein engineering, we show that ionizable side chains are completely dispensable for charging under native conditions, but if present, they are preferential protonation sites. The absence of ionizable side chains results in identical charge state distributions under native-like and denaturing conditions, while coexisting conformers can be distinguished using ion mobility separation. An excess of ionizable side chains, on the other hand, effectively modulates protein ion stability. In fact, moving a single ionizable group can dramatically alter the gas-phase conformation of a protein ion. We conclude that although the sum of the charges is governed solely by Coulombic terms, their locations affect the stability of the protein in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia L. Abramsson
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cagla Sahin
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
- Linderstrøm-Lang
Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan T. S. Hopper
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Rui M. M. Branca
- Department
of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life
Laboratory and Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Danielsson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingming Xu
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shane A. Chandler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Nicklas Österlund
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L. Ilag
- Department
of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Leppert
- Department
of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska
Institutet, Neo, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joana Costeira-Paulo
- Department
of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lang
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaare Teilum
- Linderstrøm-Lang
Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Justin L. P. Benesch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Mikael Oliveberg
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm
University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
| | - Erik G. Marklund
- Department
of Chemistry−BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy M. Allison
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jakob R. Winther
- Linderstrøm-Lang
Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Landreh
- Department
of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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