PESIN Conjugates for Multimodal Imaging: Can Multimerization Compensate Charge Influences on Cell Binding Properties? A Case Study

The Exception That Proves the Rule: How Sodium Chelation Can Alter the Charge-Cell Binding Correlation of Fluorescein-Based Multimodal Imaging Agents

In the present study we describe and explain an aberrant behavior in terms of receptor binding profile of a fluorescein-based multimodal imaging agent for gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) visualization by elucidating a chelating mechanism on sodium ions of its fluorescent dye moiety. This hypothesis is supported by both biological results and spectroscopic analyses of different fluorescein-carrying conjugates and an equally charged set of analogous tartrazine-based GRPR-binding imaging agents. Fluorescein interacts with sodium which reduces the overall negative charge of the dye molecule by one. This reduction in apparent total net charge explains the exceptional behavior found for the fluorescein-based multimodal bioconjugate in the context of the charge-cell binding correlation hypothesis.

Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Hybrid Monomeric Peptides Suited for Multimodal Imaging by PET/OI: Extending the Concept of Charge-Cell Binding Correlation

In the context of hybrid multimodal imaging agents for gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) targeting, a correlation between the net charge and the receptor affinity of the agents was recently found. In particular, a decrease in in vitro GRPR binding affinity was observed in case of an increasing number of negative charges for dually labeled GRPR-specific peptide dimers suited for positron emission tomography and optical imaging (PET/OI). This adverse influence of anionic charges could be in part compensated by a higher valency of peptide multimerization. However, it remains unknown whether this adverse effect of anionic charges is limited to peptide multimers or if it is also found or even more pronounced when GRPR-specific peptide monomers are dually labeled with fluorescent dye and chelating agent/radionuclide. Moreover, it would be important to know if this effect is limited to GRPR-specific agents only or if these observations also apply to other dually labeled peptides binding to other receptor types. To address these questions, we synthesized hybrid labels, comprising a chelator, different fluorescent dyes carrying different net charges and a functional group for bioconjugation and introduced them into different peptides, specifically targeting the GRPR, the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and integrin α_vβ₃. The synthesized conjugates were evaluated with regard to their chemical, radiochemical, photophysical and receptor affinity properties. It was found that neither the ⁶⁸Ga-radiolabeling nor the fluorescence characteristics of the dyes were altered by the conjugation of the MIUs to the peptides. Further, it was confirmed that the net number of anionic charges has a negative effect on the GRPR-binding affinity of the GRPR-targeting MIU-peptide monomer conjugates and that this same effect was also found to the same extent for the other receptor systems studied.