Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (S)-2-(Substituted arylmethyl)-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[1,2-a]indole-3-carboxamide Analogs and Their Synergistic Effect against PTEN-Deficient MDA-MB-468 Cells

Recent advancement in developing small molecular inhibitors targeting key kinase pathways against triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) stands out as the most formidable variant of breast cancer, predominantly affecting younger women and characterized by a bleak outlook and a high likelihood of spreading. The absence of safe and effective targeted treatments leaves standard cytotoxic chemotherapy as the primary option. The role of protein kinases, frequently altered in many cancers, is significant in the advancement and drug resistance of TNBC, making them a logical target for creating new, potent therapies against TNBC. Recently, an array of promising small molecules aimed at various kinases have been developed specifically for TNBC, with combination studies showing a synergistic improvement in combatting this condition. This review underscores the effectiveness of small molecule kinase inhibitors in battling the most lethal form of breast cancer and sheds light on prospective pathways for crafting novel treatments.

New Achievements for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes a heterogeneous group of malignancies that are often aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. The development of new TNBC treatment strategies has become an urgent clinical need. Diagnosis and subtyping of TNBC are essential to establish alternative treatments and targeted therapies for every TNBC patient. Chemotherapy, particularly with anthracycline and taxanes, remains the backbone for medical management for both early and metastatic TNBC. More recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy have revolutionized cancer treatment. Included in the different strategies studied for TNBC treatment is drug repurposing. Despite the numerous medications available, numerous studies in medicinal chemistry are still aimed at the synthesis of new compounds in order to find new antiproliferative agents capable of treating TNBC. Additionally, some supplemental micronutrients, nutraceuticals and functional foods can potentially reduce the risk of developing cancer or can retard the rate of growth and metastases of established malignant diseases. Finally, nanotechnology in medicine, termed nanomedicines, introduces nanoparticles of variable chemistry and architecture for cancer treatment. This review highlights the most recent studies in search of new therapies for the treatment of TNBC, along with nutraceuticals and repositioning of drugs.