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Reardon MM, Guerrero M, Alatrash N, MacDonnell FM. Exploration of the Pharmacophore for Cytoskeletal Targeting Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300347. [PMID: 37574460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) trisdiimine complexes of the formula, [Ru(dip)n (L-L)3-n ]2+ , where n=0-3; dip=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; L-L=2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) were prepared and tested for cytotoxicity in two cell lines (H358, MCF7). Cellular uptake and subcellular localization were determined by harvesting treated cells and determining the ruthenium concentration in whole or fractionated cells (cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial/ ER/Golgi, and cytoskeletal proteins) by Ru ICP-MS. The logP values for the chloride salts of these complexes were measured and the data were analyzed to determine the role of lipophilicity versus structure in the various biological assays. Cellular uptake increased with lipophilicity but shows the biggest jump when the complex contains two or more dip ligands. Significantly, preferential cytoskeletal localization is also correlated with increased cytotoxicity. All of the RPCs promote tubulin polymerization in vitro, but [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ and [Ru(dip)3 ]2+ show the strongest activity. Analysis of the pellet formed by centrifugation of MTs formed in the presence of [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ establish a binding stoichiometry of one RPC per tubulin heterodimer. Complexes of the general formula [Ru(dip)2 (L-L)]2+ possess the necessary characteristics to target the cytoskeleton in live cells and increase cytotoxicity, however the nature of the L-L ligand does influence the extent of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Reardon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Matthew Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
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2
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de la Torre-Rubio E, Muñoz-Moreno L, Bajo AM, Arias-Pérez MS, Cuenca T, Gude L, Royo E. Carbohydrate effect of novel arene Ru(II) phenanthroline-glycoconjugates on metastatic biological processes. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112326. [PMID: 37478778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel water-soluble half-sandwich ruthenium(II) polypyridyl-glycoconjugates [Ru(p-cymene)Cl{N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)-β-glycopyranosylamine}][Cl] (glycopyranosyl = d-glucopyranosyl (1), D-mannopyranosyl (2), L-rhamnopyranosyl (3) and l-xylopyranosyl (4)) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Their behaviour in water under physiological conditions has been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing their hydrolytic stability. Interactions of the novel compounds with duplex-deoxiribonucleic acid (dsDNA) were investigated by different techniques and the results indicate that, under physiological pH and saline conditions, the metal glycoconjugates bind DNA in the minor groove and/or through external, electrostatic interactions, and by a non-classical, partial intercalation mechanism in non-saline phosphate buffered solution. Effects of compounds 1-4 on cell viability have been assessed in vitro against two human cell lines (androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 and non-tumorigenic prostate RWPE-1), showing moderate cytotoxicities, with IC50 values higher than those found for free ligands [N-(1,10-phenanthroline-5-yl)-β-glycopyranosylamine] (glycopyranosyl = d-glucopyranosyl (a), D-mannopyranosyl (b), L-rhamnopyranosyl (c) and l-xylopyranosyl (d)) or corresponding metal-aglycone. Cell viability was assayed in the presence and absence of the glucose transporters (GLUTs) inhibitor [N4-{1-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-7-fluoroquinoline-2,4-dicarboxamide] (BAY-876), and the results point to a negligible impact of the inhibition of GLUTs on the cytotoxicity caused by Ru(II) compounds 1-4. Remarkably, glycoconjugates 1-4 potently affect the migration pattern of PC-3 cells, and the wound healing assay evidence that the presence of the carbohydrate and the Ru(II) center is a requisite for the anti-migratory activity observed in these novel derivatives. In addition, derivatives 1-4 strongly affect the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 activities of PC-3 cells, while proMMP-2 and especially proMMP-9 were influenced to a much lesser extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de la Torre-Rubio
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Moreno
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Bajo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Selma Arias-Pérez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Cuenca
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gude
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Royo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Gandioso A, Vidal A, Burckel P, Gasser G, Alessio E. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Containing Simple Dioxo Ligands: a Structure-Activity Relationship Study Shows the Importance of the Charge. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200398. [PMID: 35924883 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Platinum complexes (i. e., cisplatin, carboplatin, and others) are currently heavily used for the treatment of different types of cancer, but unwanted effects occur. Ruthenium complexes have been shown to be potential promising alternatives to these metal-based drugs. In this work, we performed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on two small series of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes of the type [Ru(L1)2 (O^O)]Cln (3-8), where L1 is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenantroline (DIP) or 1,10-phenantroline (phen), and O^O is a symmetrical anionic dioxo ligand: oxalate (ox, n=0), malonate (mal, n=0), or acetylacetonate (acac, n=1). These two self-consistent series of compounds allowed us to perform a systematic investigation for establishing how the nature of the ligands and the charge affect the anticancer properties of the complexes. Cytotoxicity tests on different cell lines demonstrated that some of the six compounds 3-8 have a promising anticancer activity. More specifically, the cationic complex [Ru(DIP)2 (η2 -acac)]Cl (4) has IC50 values in the mid-nanomolar concentration range, lower than those of cisplatin on the same cell lines. Interestingly, [Ru(DIP)2 (η2 -acac)]Cl was found to localize mainly in the mitochondria, whereas a smaller fraction was detected in the nucleus. Overall, our SAR investigation demonstrates the importance of combining the positive charge of the complex with the highly lipophilic diimine ligand DIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gandioso
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alessio Vidal
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierre Burckel
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, F-, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Gurgul I, Mazuryk O, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Łomzik M, Krasowska A, Pietrzyk P, Stochel G, Brindell M. Microwave-assisted synthesis and photodynamic activity of tris-heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes with asymmetric polypyridyl ligands. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gurgul I, Janczy-Cempa E, Mazuryk O, Lekka M, Łomzik M, Suzenet F, Gros PC, Brindell M. Inhibition of Metastasis by Polypyridyl Ru(II) Complexes through Modification of Cancer Cell Adhesion - In Vitro Functional and Molecular Studies. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10459-10470. [PMID: 35895090 PMCID: PMC9376949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
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The effect of polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes on the ability
of cancer
cells to migrate and invade, two features important in the formation
of metastases, is evaluated. In vitro studies are
carried out on breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, as
well as melanoma cell lines A2058 and A375. Three Ru(II) complexes
comprising two 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip) ligands and
as a third ligand 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), or its derivative
with either 4-[3-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl] (bpy-NitroIm),
or 5-(4-{4′-methyl-[2,2′-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde
semicarbazone (bpy-SC) moiety attached are examined. The low sub-toxic
doses of the studied compounds greatly affected the cancer cells by
inhibiting cell detachment, migration, invasion, transmigration, and
re-adhesion, as well as increasing cell elasticity. The molecular
studies revealed that the Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes impact the
activity of the selected integrins and upregulate the expression of
focal adhesion components such as vinculin and paxillin, leading to
an increased number of focal adhesion contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gurgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Janczy-Cempa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Łomzik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orléans, UMR-CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Sumithaa C, Manjunathan T, Mazuryk O, Peters S, Pillai RS, Brindell M, Gopinath P, Ganeshpandian M. Nanoencapsulation of Ru( p-cymene) Complex Bearing Ginger-based Natural Product into Liposomal Nanoformulation to Improve Its Cellular Uptake and Antiproliferative Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3241-3256. [PMID: 35786838 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The organometallic compounds are prospective candidates in the row of developing metallochemotherapeutics with the aim of overcoming the limitations of platinum drugs. In order to explore the anticancer properties of organometallic compounds with the natural medicines, two Ru(II)-p-cymene complexes containing the natural products, viz., 6-gingerol (6G) and benzylated-6-gingerdione (B-6GD) have been synthesized and characterized well. The phenolic group of the Ru(6G) complex facilitates its higher cell-free antioxidant activity than its analogue complex. Also, the same complex shows higher cytotoxicity toward A549 lung and HeLa-S3 cervical cancer cells than the Ru(B-6GD) complex but lower cytotoxicity toward A2058 metastatic melanoma cancer cells. Both complexes are shown to easily accumulate in melanoma cancer cells, and their degree of cytotoxicity in the same cells is found to be positively correlated with cell uptake. The cytotoxicity of complexes arises from their intracellular activity, mainly due to the induction of singlet oxygen production in cancer cells. The subcellular fractionation study shows that mitochondria and ER-Golgi membranes might be their predominant targets. Also, the mechanistic investigation revealed that Ru(B-6GD) induces caspase-dependent non-apoptotic cell death whereas Ru(6G) can induce caspase-independent non-apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, both complexes are found to moderately alter the adhesion properties of cancer cells, which is beneficial for antimetastatic treatment. Despite the potential pharmacological activity, Ru(6G) is encapsulated into polymer-supported liposomes to reduce its toxicity and further improve its anticancer potency. The π-conjugated yne-ene chain of polydiacetylene aids in the development of a stable nanoformulation, which achieved a slow release of the complex. Most importantly, the cancer cell uptake of the liposome-encapsulated Ru(6G) complex is 20 times enhanced and the total ROS formation in cancer cells is significantly increased compared to the non-encapsulated complex. However, the nanoformulation does not alter the antimetastatic potency of the encapsulated complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezhiyan Sumithaa
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tamilvelan Manjunathan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Silda Peters
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Renjith S Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Malgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Ganeshpandian
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gurgul I, Mazuryk O, Stachyra K, Olszanecki R, Lekka M, Łomzik M, Suzenet F, Gros PC, Brindell M. Impact of Polypyridyl Ru Complexes on Angiogenesis—Contribution to Their Antimetastatic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147708. [PMID: 35887054 PMCID: PMC9323615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polypyridyl Ru complexes to inhibit metastasis is a novel approach, and recent studies have shown promising results. We have reported recently that Ru (II) complexes gathering two 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip) ligands and the one being 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) or its derivative with a 4-[3-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl (bpy-NitroIm) or 5-(4-{4′-methyl-[2,2′-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone (bpy-SC) moieties can alter the metastatic cascade, among others, by modulating cell adhesion properties. In this work, we show further studies of this group of complexes by evaluating their effect on HMEC-1 endothelial cells. While all the tested complexes significantly inhibited the endothelial cell migration, Ru-bpy additionally interrupted the pseudovessels formation. Functional changes in endothelial cells might arise from the impact of the studied compounds on cell elasticity and expression of proteins (vinculin and paxillin) involved in focal adhesions. Furthermore, molecular studies showed that complexes modulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules, which has been suggested to be one of the factors that mediate the activation of angiogenesis. Based on the performed studies, we can conclude that the investigated polypyridyl Ru (II) complexes can deregulate the functionality of endothelial cells which may lead to the inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gurgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Łomzik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orléans, UMR-CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | | | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.)
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