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Buravchenko GI, Scherbakov AM, Krymov SK, Salnikova DI, Zatonsky GV, Schols D, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Shchekotikhin AE. Synthesis and evaluation of sulfonamide derivatives of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23257-23272. [PMID: 39045402 PMCID: PMC11265520 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04548c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of sulfonamide-derived quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (CA) with antiproliferative potency. Overall, the synthesized compounds demonstrated good inhibitory activity against four CA isoforms. Compound 7g exhibited favorable potency in inhibiting a CA IX isozyme with a K i value of 42.2 nM compared to the reference AAZ (K i = 25.7 nM). Nevertheless, most of the synthesized compounds have their highest activity against CA I and CA II isoforms over CA IX and CA XII. A molecular modeling study was used for an estimation of the binding mode of the selected ligand 7g in the active site of CA IX. The most active compounds (7b, 7f, 7h, and 18) exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, Capan-1, DND-41, HL60, and Z138 cell lines, with IC50 values in low micromolar concentrations. Moreover, derivatives 7a, 7e, and 8g showed similar hypoxic cytotoxic activity and selectivity compared to tirapazamine (TPZ) against adenocarcinoma cells MCF-7. The structure-activity relationships analysis revealed that the presence of a halogen atom or a sulfonamide group as substituents in the phenyl ring of quinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides was favorable for overall cytotoxicity against most of the tested cancer cell lines. Additionally, the presence of a carbonitrile fragment in position 2 of the heterocycle also had a positive effect on the antitumor properties of such derivatives against the majority of cell lines. The most potent derivative, 3-trifluoromethylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide 7h, demonstrated higher or close antiproliferative activity compared to the reference agents, such as doxorubicin, and etoposide, with an IC50 range of 1.3-2.1 μM. Analysis of the obtained results revealed important patterns in the structure-activity relationship. Moreover, these findings highlight the potential of selected lead sulfonamides on the quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide scaffold for further in-depth evaluation and development of chemotherapeutic agents targeting carbonic anhydrases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I Buravchenko
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street Moscow 119021 Russia
| | - Alexander M Scherbakov
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology Kashirskoe sh. 24 115522 Moscow Russia
| | - Stepan K Krymov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street Moscow 119021 Russia
| | - Diana I Salnikova
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology Kashirskoe sh. 24 115522 Moscow Russia
| | - George V Zatonsky
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street Moscow 119021 Russia
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence Florence Italy
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Frolova SG, Vatlin AA, Maslov DA, Yusuf B, Buravchenko GI, Bekker OB, Klimina KM, Smirnova SV, Shnakhova LM, Malyants IK, Lashkin AI, Tian X, Alam MS, Zatonsky GV, Zhang T, Shchekotikhin AE, Danilenko VN. Novel Derivatives of Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic Acid 1,4-Dioxides as Antimycobacterial Agents: Mechanistic Studies and Therapeutic Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1565. [PMID: 38004430 PMCID: PMC10675252 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 leading causes of global mortality. The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant TB highlights the urgent need for an intensified quest to discover innovative anti-TB medications In this study, we investigated four new derivatives from the quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 1,4-dioxide class. New 3-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxides with a variation in substituents at positions 2 and 6(7) were synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution with amines and assessed against a Mycobacteria spp. Compound 4 showed high antimycobacterial activity (1.25 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis) and low toxicity in vivo in mice. Selection and whole-genomic sequencing of spontaneous drug-resistant M. smegmatis mutants revealed a high number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, confirming the predicted mode of action of the quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 1,4-dioxide 4 as a DNA-damaging agent. Subsequent reverse genetics methods confirmed that mutations in the genes MSMEG_4646, MSMEG_5122, and MSMEG_1380 mediate resistance to these compounds. Overall, the derivatives of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid 1,4-dioxide present a promising scaffold for the development of innovative antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G. Frolova
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aleksey A. Vatlin
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
- Institute of Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Maslov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Buhari Yusuf
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (B.Y.); (X.T.); (M.S.A.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Galina I. Buravchenko
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia; (G.I.B.); (G.V.Z.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Olga B. Bekker
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
| | - Ksenia M. Klimina
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency (Lopukhin FRCC PCM), 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Svetlana V. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
| | - Lidia M. Shnakhova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina K. Malyants
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency (Lopukhin FRCC PCM), 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Arseniy I. Lashkin
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Сhemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xirong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (B.Y.); (X.T.); (M.S.A.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Md Shah Alam
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (B.Y.); (X.T.); (M.S.A.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - George V. Zatonsky
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia; (G.I.B.); (G.V.Z.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (B.Y.); (X.T.); (M.S.A.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | - Valery N. Danilenko
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.V.); (O.B.B.); (K.M.K.); (S.V.S.); (V.N.D.)
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Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
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Quercetin Attenuates Quinocetone-Induced Cell Apoptosis In Vitro by Activating the P38/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Inhibiting the ROS/Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081498. [PMID: 36009217 PMCID: PMC9405464 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT), a member of the quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) family, can cause genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, however, the precise molecular mechanisms of QCT are unclear. This present study investigated the protective effect of quercetin on QCT-induced cytotoxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms in human L02 and HepG2 cells. The results showed that quercetin treatment (at 7.5–30 μM) significantly improved QCT-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in human L02 and HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, quercetin treatment at 30 μM significantly inhibited QCT-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in the expression of the CytC protein and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and an increase in caspases-9 and -3 activity, and finally improved cell apoptosis. Quercetin pretreatment promoted the expression of the phosphorylation of p38, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 significantly inhibited quercetin-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Consistently, pharmacological inhibitions of the Nrf2 or p38 pathways both promoted QCT-induced cytotoxicity and partly abolished the protective effects of quercetin. In conclusion, for the first time, our results reveal that quercetin could improve QCT-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by activating the p38/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting the ROS/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Our study highlights that quercetin may be a promising candidate for preventing QdNOs-induced cytotoxicity in humans or animals.
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