Protective and Therapeutic Efficacy of Hesperidin versus Cisplatin against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma-Induced Renal Damage in Mice

Myricetin-loaded SBA-15 silica nanoparticles for enhanced management of pyrexia, pain, and inflammation through modulation of MAPK/NF-κB and COX-2/PGE-2 pathways: Evidence from the biochemical, histological, and metabolomic analysis

Myricetin (MYR) is a natural flavonoid that has several biological functions. However, some of its beneficial effects are diminished due to low water solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Herein, several kinds of silica nanoparticles (MCM-41 and SBA-15) were loaded with MYR to improve its biological activity as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory component, thereby overcoming its drawbacks. The nanoparticles (MYR@SBA-15) were formulated optimally, transforming MYR into an amorphous state. This transformation was confirmed via several strategies, including differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder x-ray diffraction. As a result, there was a significant enhancement in the solubility and rate of dissolution in water. The anti-inflammatory benefits as an innovative strategy and the underlying mechanism of action of MYR and its SBA-15 silica nanoparticles (MYR@SBA-15) were investigated based on the biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and metabolomic assays alongside their antipyretic and analgesic characteristics. Compared to the usage of raw MYR, the administration of MYR@SBA-15 at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg significantly decreases pain perception by inhibiting the body's writhing motions induced by acetic acid. Furthermore, it helps regulate increased body temperature caused by baking yeast and effectively stabilizes it. It reduces the release of NO and PGE-2 in a concentration-dependent manner by down-regulating iNOS and COX-2 expression in the inflammatory model. MYR and MYR@SBA-15 also inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, downregulate the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as p38, ERK1/2, and JNK protein, and reduce the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. In addition, inflammatory cardinal signs like paw edema caused by carrageenan in rats are greatly suppressed by MYR and MYR@SBA-15 treatment when compared to the untreated group. More noteworthy outcomes are shown in the MYR@SBA-15, particularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg. These results of biochemical and immuno-histochemistry suggest that MYR@SBA-15 may be a useful analgesic antipyretic and may also help reduce inflammation by altering MAPKs/NF-κB and COX-2/PGE-2 signaling cascades. Serum metabolomics study demonstrated modifications in various low molecular weight metabolites with arthritis development. These metabolite levels were restored to normal when MYR@SBA-15 was administered via modulating several metabolic pathways, i.e., pyrimidine, energy metabolism, and proteins. Overall, MYR-loaded SBA-15 silica nanoparticles have demonstrated significant promise in enhancing the disturbed metaboloic pathways and providing a substantial capacity to regulate several oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.

Hesperidin activates Nrf2 to protect cochlear hair cells from cisplatin-induced damage

Cisplatin is widely employed in clinical oncology as an anticancer chemotherapy drug in clinical practice and is known for its severe ototoxic side effects. Prior research indicates that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a pivotal role in cisplatin's inner ear toxicity. Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside extracted from citrus fruits that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Nonetheless, the specific pharmacological actions of hesperidin in alleviating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity remain elusive. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical mediator of the cellular oxidative stress response, is influenced by hesperidin. Activation of Nrf2 was shown to have a protective effect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The potential of hesperidin to stimulate Nrf2 in attenuating cisplatin's adverse effects on the inner ear warrants further investigation. This study employs both in vivo and in vitro models of cisplatin ototoxicity to explore this possibility. Our results reveal that hesperidin mitigates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by activating the Nrf2/NQO1 pathway in sensory hair cells, thereby reducing ROS accumulation, preventing hair cell apoptosis, and alleviating hearing loss.

Hesperidin attenuates radiation-induced ovarian failure in rats: Emphasis on TLR-4/NF-ĸB signaling pathway

Young women suffering from premature ovarian failure after radiotherapy carry a huge burden in the field of cancer therapy including reproductive loss, emotional stress, and physical troubles that reduce their long-term quality of life. Hesperidin (HSP) exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. HSP enhanced in vitro follicular maturation and preserved in vivo ovarian stockpile. In this research, the role of HSP in radiation-induced POF in rats was investigated besides ascertaining its underlying mechanisms. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were arbitrarily allocated into four groups: control-group, ϒ-irradiated-group (3.2 Gy once on the 7th day), HSP-group (100 mg/kg, orally for 10 days), and HSP/ϒ-irradiated-group (ϒ-radiation was applied one hour after HSP). At the end of experiment, the whole ovaries were collected for histological and biochemical analyses. Administration of HSP preserved the ovarian histoarchitecture and follicular stock, retained ovarian weight, and conserved serum estradiol and AMH levels following radiation exposure. HSP ameliorated the ovarian oxidative damage mediated by radiation through augmenting the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase antioxidant enzymes. HSP exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating the expression of ovarian TLR-4, NF-ĸB, and TNF-α. Moreover, HSP suppressed the apoptotic machinery triggered by radiation by reducing p53 and Bax while increasing Bcl-2 mRNA expressions alongside diminishing caspase-3 expression. Additionally, HSP regulated estrous cycle disorder of irradiated rats and improved their reproductive capacity reflected by enhancing pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, HSP represents an appealing candidate as an adjunct remedy for female cancer patients during radiotherapy protocols owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and hormone-regulatory effects.

Comparative biotoxicity study for identifying better alternative insecticide especially green nano-emulsion which used as mosquitocides

This research work was planned to test biosafety of different nanomaterials on the different animals models. These nanoparticles were previously used as potential insecticides of mosquito larvae. The biosafety of these nanoproducts were evaluated on certain organs of non target animals that associated with mosquito breeding sites in Egypt. Animal organs such as the kidneys of rats, toads, and the fish's spleen were used as models to study the biological toxicity of these nanomaterials. After 30 days of the animals receiving the nanomaterials in their water supply, different cell mediated immune cells were assessed in these tissues. Both TNF-α and BAX immuno-expression were also used as immunohistochemical markers. Histopathology was conducted to detect the effect of the tested nanoproducts at the tissue level of the liver and kidneys of both the rats and toads. Green nanoemulsion of the lavender essential oil was relatively more effective, safe, and biodegradable to be used as insecticides against mosquito larvae than the metal-based nanomaterials.

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma provokes renal toxicity and DNA injury in mice: Therapeutic impact of chitosan and maitake nanoparticles

In this study, the impact of chitosan (CS) and maitake (GF) nanoparticles towards the renal toxicity induced by Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in vivo model was conducted. Besides benchmark negative control group, EAC model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 2.5 × 106 cells. Alongside positive control, two groups of EAC-bearing mice received 100 mg/kg of CS and GF nanoparticles/body weight daily for 14 days. The kidney function was conducted by measuring urea, creatinine, ions, (anti)/oxidative parameters and DNA damage. Also, measuring immunoreactivity of P53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and apoptosis protein. The outcomes illustrated notable kidney toxicity, which indicated by elevations in urea, creatinine, oxidative stress, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. These events were supported by the drastic alteration in kidney structure through histological examination. Administration of CS and GF nanoparticles was able to enhance the antioxidant power, which further reduced oxidative damage, DNA injury, and apoptosis. These results indicated the protective and therapeutic role of biogenic chitosan and maitake nanoparticles against nephrotoxicity.

Chitosan and Grifola Frondosa nanoparticles insulate liver dysfunction in EAC-bearing mice

Background

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) is a rapidly growing and undifferentiated tumor that can prompt oxidative stress and liver toxicity, whereas chitosan and Grifola Frondosa have widely recognized biological qualities. Therefore, our study designed to assess the potential ameliorative ability of chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) and Grifola Frondosa nanoparticles (GF-loaded casein NPs) on EAC-induced hepatic injury in mice.

Methods

A total of 60 female albino mice were segregated into 6 groups (10 mice each), G1, control group; G2, CS NPs group; G3, GF-loaded casein NPs group; G4, EAC group; G5, EAC treated with CS NPs; G6, EAC treated with GF-loaded casein NPs.

Results

According to the findings, EAC considerably increased serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP as well as LDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels coincided with marked decrease in albumin and total protein content in liver tissue. At the same time, it drastically lowered GSH levels and catalase activity while significantly elevating MDA levels. In addition, EAC caused DNA damage and apoptosis by decreasing Bcl-2 while increasing p53 expressions. However, either CS NPs or GF-loaded casein NPs therapy improved liver architecture and functioning, increased antioxidant parameters, and prevented hepatocyte death in EAC mice.

Conclusions

Our findings concluded that CS NPs and GF-loaded casein NPs have insulating functions against EAC-induced hepatic damage in mice.

Silica Nanoparticle-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Albino Rats via Testicular Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress

Amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are being utilized in different fields such as medicine, cosmetics, and foods. However, the causes and mechanisms underlying SiNP testicular damage remain largely unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate this issue. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (n = 10), 500 ppm SiNP-treated group (n = 10), and 1000 ppm SiNP-treated group (n = 10). SiNPs were given orally in drinking water for 30 days. Micronucleus assay was performed on blood RBCs. The concentrations of testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured. Moreover, the histopathological alterations and the expression of apoptotic (caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers (iNOS) in testes and epididymis were analyzed and compared between the three groups. The results showed an increased level of micronucleus frequencies in the 1000 ppm-treated group, as well as increased levels of MDA and decreased activity of CAT and GSH content in testicular tissues in the 1000 ppm-treated group, suggesting DNA damage and oxidative stress mechanisms. Also, there were significant testicular histopathological alterations in this group. Furthermore, 1000-ppm SiNPs could enhance testicular apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress by increasing the expression of apoptotic, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress genes including caspase 3 and iNOS in the examined tissue. The lower concentration of SiNPs did not produce any significant biochemical, histopathological, or immunohistochemical alterations whereas 1000-ppm SiNPs resulted in significant testicular changes by exacerbating apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress-mediated testicular damage.

Root Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Inhibits Solid and Ascites Tumors and Prevents the Development of DMBA-Induced Skin Papilloma Formation

Oroxylum indicum is a traditionally used plant in Ayurvedic and folk medicines. The plant is useful for the management of gastrointestinal diseases as well as skin diseases. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor potential of O. indicum in Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumor cells (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-induced solid and ascites tumors. Further, the potential of O. indicum extract (OIM) on skin papilloma induction by dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil was evaluated. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The predominant compounds present in the extract were demethoxycentaureidin 7-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, baicalein-7-O-glucuronide, 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one, and 4'-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone. Treatment with high-dose OIM enhanced the percentage of survival in ascites tumor-bearing mice by 34.97%. Likewise, high and low doses of OIM reduced the tumor volume in mice by 61.84% and 54.21%, respectively. Further, the skin papilloma formation was brought down by the administration of low- and high-dose groups of OIM (by 67.51% and 75.63%). Overall, the study concludes that the Oroxylum indicum root bark extract is a potentially active antitumor and anticancer agent.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Malapterurus electricus Skin Fish Methanolic Extract in Arthritic Rats: Therapeutic and Protective Effects

The protective and therapeutic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of Malapterurus electricus (F. Malapteruridae) skin fish methanolic extract (FE) (300 mg/kg.b.wt/day for 7 days, orally) was tested in monosodium urate(MSU)-induced arthritic Wistar albino male rats' joints. Serum uric acid, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-𝜅B, MDA, GSH, catalase, SOD, and glutathione reductase levels were all measured. According to the findings, FE significantly reduced uric acid levels and ankle swelling in both protective and therapeutic groups. Furthermore, it has anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating inflammatory cytokines, primarily through decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant status. All the aforementioned lesions were significantly improved in protected and treated rats with FE, according to histopathological findings. iNOS immunostaining revealed that protected and treated arthritic rats with FE had weak positive immune-reactive cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed that FE was high in fatty and amino acids. The most abundant compounds were vaccenic (24.52%), 9-octadecenoic (11.66%), palmitic (34.66%), stearic acids (14.63%), glycine (0.813 mg/100 mg), and alanine (1.645 mg/100 mg). Extensive molecular modelling and dynamics simulation experiments revealed that compound 4 has the potential to target and inhibit COX isoforms with a higher affinity for COX-2. As a result, we contend that FE could be a promising protective and therapeutic option for arthritis, aiding in the prevention and progression of this chronic inflammatory disease.

Insecticidal efficacy of nanomaterials used to control mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 with special reference to their hepatotoxicity in rats

The present study aimed to develop a novel methodology for controlling the mosquito larvae using different nanoparticles, with special reference to their effect on rats (a non-target mammalian model). The mosquito species of Culex quinquefasciatus was reared in the laboratory. Chitosan, silver nanoparticles and their combination as well as lavender (Lavandula officinalis) nanoemulsion with different concentrations were tested as biological insecticides against the mosquito larvae. Mammalian toxicity of the used nanoparticles were evaluated using 27 adult male rats, experimental rats were divided into 9 equal groups (n=3). The nanoparticles were added to the drinking water for 30 days. At the end of the study, blood and tissue samples were collected to assess the levels of the serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, different genes expression as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β activity. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies using two markers (TNF-α and BAX expression) were also applied. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ were recorded for each tested nanoparticles, and also the changes of the treated mosquito larvae cuticle were assessed using the scanning electron microscopy. Green nanoemulsion (Lavandula officinalis) was more effective than metal (silver) or even biodegradable (chitosan) nanoparticles in controlling of Culex quiquefasciatus mosquito larvae, and also it proved its safety by evaluation of the mammalian hepatotoxicity of the tested nanoparticles.