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Gaber A, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alyami H, Shakya S, Habeeballah H, Alkhatabi HA, Felimban RI, Alamri A, Alhabeeb AA, Raafat BM, Refat MS. Multispectral and Molecular Docking Studies Reveal Potential Effectiveness of Antidepressant Fluoxetine by Forming π-Acceptor Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185883. [PMID: 36144618 PMCID: PMC9505585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor mood, lack of pleasure, reduced focus, remorse, unpleasant thoughts, and sleep difficulties are all symptoms of depression. The only approved treatment for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) is fluoxetine hydrochloride (FXN), a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor antidepressant. MDD is the most common cause of disability worldwide. In the present research, picric acid (PA); dinitrobenzene; p-nitro benzoic acid; 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide; 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide; and 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane were used to make 1:1 FXN charge-transfer compounds in solid and liquid forms. The isolated complexes were then characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, infrared, Raman, and 1H-NMR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. Additionally, a molecular docking investigation was conducted on the donor moiety using FXN alone and the resulting charge transfer complex [(FXN)(PA)] as an acceptor to examine the interactions against two protein receptors (serotonin or dopamine). Interestingly, the [(FXN)(PA)] complex binds to both serotonin and dopamine more effectively than the FXN drug alone. Furthermore, [(FXN)(PA)]–serotonin had a greater binding energy than [FXN]–serotonin. Theoretical data were also generated by density functional theory simulations, which aided the molecular geometry investigation and could be beneficial to researchers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.S.R.)
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Alyami
- College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonam Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hamza Habeeballah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba A. Alkhatabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, Hematology Research Unit, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed I. Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2240, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Bassem M. Raafat
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (M.S.R.)
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Geerlings P. From Density Functional Theory to Conceptual Density Functional Theory and Biosystems. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091112. [PMID: 36145333 PMCID: PMC9505550 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The position of conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) in the history of density functional theory (DFT) is sketched followed by a chronological report on the introduction of the various DFT descriptors such as the electronegativity, hardness, softness, Fukui function, local version of softness and hardness, dual descriptor, linear response function, and softness kernel. Through a perturbational approach they can all be characterized as response functions, reflecting the intrinsic reactivity of an atom or molecule upon perturbation by a different system, including recent extensions by external fields. Derived descriptors such as the electrophilicity or generalized philicity, derived from the nature of the energy vs. N behavior, complete this picture. These descriptors can be used as such or in the context of principles such as Sanderson’s electronegativity equalization principle, Pearson’s hard and soft acids and bases principle, the maximum hardness, and more recently, the minimum electrophilicity principle. CDFT has known an ever-growing use in various subdisciplines of chemistry: from organic to inorganic chemistry, from polymer to materials chemistry, and from catalysis to nanotechnology. The increasing size of the systems under study has been coped with thanks to methodological evolutions but also through the impressive evolution in software and hardware. In this flow, biosystems entered the application portfolio in the past twenty years with studies varying (among others) from enzymatic catalysis to biological activity and/or the toxicity of organic molecules and to computational peptidology. On the basis of this evolution, one can expect that “the best is yet to come”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Geerlings
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-Engineering Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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