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Zhao Z, Hu C, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang L. Main chemical constituents and mechanism of anti-tumor action of Solanum nigrum L. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7314. [PMID: 39155844 PMCID: PMC11331249 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Solanum nigrum L. (SNL) is a natural drugwith diverse bioactive components and multi-targeted anti-tumor effects, gaining increasing attention in clinical application. METHOD AND RESULTS This paper reviews the studies on SNL by searching academic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct,and Web of Science, among others), analyzing its chemical compositions (alkaloids, saponins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, among others), andbriefly describes the anti-tumor mechanisms of the main components. DISCUSSION This paper discusses the shortcomings of the current research on SNL and proposes corresponding solutions, providing theoretical support for further research on its biological functions and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐duo Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cheng Hu
- Experiment Center for Science and TechnologyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Vascular Anomalies, Shanghai TCM‐Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jia‐qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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2
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Deng Y, Fang X, Xu L, Wang H, Gan Q, Wang Q, Jiang M. Integrating network pharmacology and experimental models to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of Tiansha mixture on xerosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:468. [PMID: 39002062 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors (EGFRIs) is a common cancer therapy, but they occasionally cause severe side effects such as xerosis. Tiansha mixture (TM), a traditional Chinese medicines formulation, is develpoed to treat xerosis. This study aims to understand mechanisms of TM on xerosis. Bio-active compounds were selected from databases (TCMSP, TCM-ID, HERB, ETCM) and removed for poor oral bioavailability and low drug likeness. Then a network-based approach filtered out potential active compounds against xerosis. KEGG enrichment analysis identified PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathways, which were further verified by molecular docking. Afterwards, the effect of TM on activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathways was validated in gefitinib-induced xerosis rats, where AKT-activator SC79 and MAPK-activator CrPic were also applied. Skin damage was assessed by dorsal score and HE and Tunel stainings. the levels of inflammation factors IL-6 and TNF-α in serum and skin tissue were measured by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect protein levels in the pathways. Network pharmacology identified 111 bio-active compounds from TM and 14 potential targets. Docking simulation showed apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin bio-active compounds in TM bound to IKBKG, INSR, and RAF-1 proteins. In xerosis model rats, TM mitigated xerosis damage, decreased inflammation factors, and phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK proteins. SC79 or CrPic or their combination reversed TM's effect. The current study identified potential targets and PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathways involved in the effect of TM on xerosis, thus providing a foundation for TM clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Deng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Xinhua Fang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Qinting Gan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacy, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 453 Stadium Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310007, China.
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3
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Hon KW, Naidu R. Synergistic Mechanisms of Selected Polyphenols in Overcoming Chemoresistance and Enhancing Chemosensitivity in Colorectal Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:815. [PMID: 39061884 PMCID: PMC11273411 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite significant advances in medical treatment, chemotherapy as monotherapy can lead to substantial side effects and chemoresistance. This underscores the need for therapeutic approaches that are not only pharmacologically safe but also modulate multiple potent signaling pathways and sensitize cancer cells to overcome resistance to standard drugs. In recent years, scientists have been searching for natural compounds that can be used as chemosensitizers in addition to conventional medications for the synergistic treatment of CRC. Polyphenols represent a diverse group of natural compounds that can target multiple signaling pathways in cancer cells to induce anti-cancer effects. Additionally, polyphenols have been shown to work synergistically with chemotherapeutics and other natural compounds in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the synergistic mechanisms of selected polyphenols as chemosensitizers in CRC cells. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to fully harness the synergistic mechanisms of selected polyphenols combined with chemotherapy or natural compounds in improving cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
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Rompou AV, Bletsa G, Tsakogiannis D, Theocharis S, Vassiliu P, Danias N. An Updated Review of Resistin and Colorectal Cancer. Cureus 2024; 16:e65403. [PMID: 39184804 PMCID: PMC11344879 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistin is one of the most important adipokines, and its role lies mainly in controlling insulin sensitivity and inflammation. However, over the last years, the study of resistin gained increased popularity since it was proved that there is a considerable relationship between high levels of resistin and obesity as well as obesity-induced diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Regarding cancer risk, circulating resistin levels have been correlated with several types of cancer, including colorectal, breast, lung, endometrial, gastroesophageal, prostate, renal, and pancreatic cancer. Colorectal cancer is regarded as a multi-pathway disease. Several pathophysiological features seem to promote colorectal cancer (CRC) such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity. Even though the molecular mechanisms involved in CRC development remain rather vague, it is widely accepted that several biochemical factors promote CRC by releasing augmented pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IGF-I, insulin, sex-steroid hormones, and adipokines. A wide range of research studies has focused on evaluating the impact of circulating resistin levels on CRC risk and determining the efficacy of chemotherapy in CRC patients by measuring resistin levels. Moreover, significant outcomes have emerged regarding the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the resistin gene and CRC risk. The present study reviewed the role of circulating resistin levels in CRC development and shed light on specific resistin gene SNPs implicated in the disease's development. Finally, we analyzed the impact of resistin levels on the effectiveness of chemotherapy and further discussed whether resistin can be regarded as a valuable biomarker for CRC prognosis and treatment. Resistin is one of the most important adipokines, and its role lies mainly in controlling insulin sensitivity and inflammation. However, over the last years, the study of resistin gained increased popularity since it was proved that there is a considerable relationship between high levels of resistin and obesity as well as obesity-induced diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. This review discusses the aberrant expression of resistin and its receptors, its diverse downstream signaling, and its impact on tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapy resistance to support its clinical exploitation in biomarker and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Vaia Rompou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, GBR
| | - Garyfalia Bletsa
- Department of Medicine, Research Center, Hellenic Anticancer Institute, Athens, GRC
| | | | - Stamatios Theocharis
- Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Panteleimon Vassiliu
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Nick Danias
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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5
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Luo Y, Zhang G, Hu C, Huang L, Wang D, Chen Z, Wang Y. The Role of Natural Products from Herbal Medicine in TLR4 Signaling for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2024; 29:2727. [PMID: 38930793 PMCID: PMC11206024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway constitutes an intricate network of protein interactions primarily involved in inflammation and cancer. This pathway triggers intracellular signaling cascades, modulating transcription factors that regulate gene expression related to immunity and malignancy. Previous studies showed that colon cancer patients with low TLR4 expression exhibit extended survival times and the TLR4 signaling pathway holds a significant role in CRC pathogenesis. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have garnered substantial attention as an alternative therapeutic modality for CRC, primarily due to their multifaceted composition and ability to target multiple pathways. Emerging evidence indicates that specific TCM products, such as andrographolide, rosmarinic acid, baicalin, etc., have the potential to impede CRC development through the TLR4 signaling pathway. Here, we review the role and biochemical processes of the TLR4 signaling pathway in CRC, and natural products from TCMs affecting the TLR4 pathway. This review sheds light on potential treatment strategies utilizing natural TLR4 inhibitors for CRC, which contributes to the advancement of research and accelerates their clinical integration into CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Guochen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China;
| | - Lijun Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhejie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (L.H.); (D.W.)
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Zhou Y, Yu S, Zhang W. NOD-like Receptor Signaling Pathway in Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14511. [PMID: 37833958 PMCID: PMC10572711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular proteins with a central role in innate and adaptive immunity. As a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), NLRs sense specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns, trigger numerous signaling pathways and lead to the secretion of various cytokines. In recent years, cumulative studies have revealed the significant impacts of NLRs in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory diseases and cancers. Deciphering the role and molecular mechanism of the NLR signaling pathways may provide new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies related to GI inflammatory diseases and GI cancers. This review presents the structures and signaling pathways of NLRs, summarizes the recent advances regarding NLR signaling in GI inflammatory diseases and GI cancers and describes comprehensive therapeutic strategies based on this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Songyan Yu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
| | - Wenyong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.)
- Key University Laboratory of Metabolism and Health of Guangdong, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Jeong S, Kim Y, Park S, Lee D, Lee J, Hlaing SP, Yoo JW, Rhee SH, Im E. Lactobacillus plantarum Metabolites Elicit Anticancer Effects by Inhibiting Autophagy-Related Responses. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041890. [PMID: 36838877 PMCID: PMC9966080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is a probiotic that has emerged as novel therapeutic agents for managing various diseases, such as cancer, atopic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and infections. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of the metabolites of L. plantarum. We cultured L. plantarum cells to obtain their metabolites, created several dilutions, and used these solutions to treat human colonic Caco-2 cells. Our results showed a 10% dilution of L. plantarum metabolites decreased cell viability and reduced the expression of autophagy-related proteins. Moreover, we found co-treatment with L. plantarum metabolites and chloroquine, a known autophagy inhibitor, had a synergistic effect on cytotoxicity and downregulation of autophagy-related protein expression. In conclusion, we showed the metabolites from the probiotic, L. plantarum, work synergistically with chloroquine in killing Caco-2 cells and downregulating the expression of autophagy-related proteins, suggesting the involvement of autophagy, rather than apoptosis, in their cytotoxic effect. Hence, this study provides new insights into new therapeutic methods via inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Juho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Shwe Phyu Hlaing
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+82-51-510-2812; Fax:+82-50-513-6754
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8
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The Multifaceted Role and Regulation of Nlrp3 Inflammasome in Colitis-Associated Colo-Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043472. [PMID: 36834883 PMCID: PMC9959003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colitis-associated colo-rectal cancer remains the leading cause of mortality in inflammatory bowel diseases, with inflammation remaining one of the bridging points between the two pathologies. The NLRP3 inflammasome complex plays an important role in innate immunity; however, its misregulation can be responsible for the apparition of various pathologies such as ulcerative colitis. Our review focuses on the potential pathways of upregulation or downregulation of the NLRP3 complex, in addition to evaluating its role in the current clinical setting. Eighteen studies highlighted the potential pathways of NLRP3 complex regulation as well as its role in the metastatic process in colo-rectal cancer, with promising results. Further research is, however, needed in order to validate the results in a clinical setting.
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Combination Modality Using Quercetin to Enhance the Efficacy of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030902. [PMID: 36765857 PMCID: PMC9913446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard of care chemotherapy drug presently used to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), docetaxel (Doc), also develops chemoresistance, thereby reducing its clinical utility. Since resistance to chemotherapy drugs can be overcome by co-treatment with plant-based bio-active compounds we undertook the present study to evaluate if quercetin (Que), a flavonoid present in plants such as onions, apples, olives, and grapes can enhance the efficacy of Doc. We studied the separate and combined effects of Que and Doc at different doses and different combination approaches in two different prostate cancer cell lines, DU-145 (moderately aggressive) and PC-3 (very aggressive), and assessed the effects of these combinations on viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. Monotherapy with these drugs showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity; however, only Doc monotherapy showed a statistically significant difference in IC50 levels (IC50 = 4.05 ± 0.52 nM for PC-3 and IC50 = 2.26 ± 0.22 nM for DU-145). In combination treatment, we used three different treatment approaches (TAP). The concentrations and range analyzed were chosen based on the approximate cytotoxicity of 30-50% when the drugs were used individually. Our observations indicate that the most beneficial effect of the Que and Doc combination was obtained with the TAP-2 approach, which is pre-treatment with all doses of Que for 24 h followed by low doses of Doc for another 24 h. Using this approach, we observed synergism at low concentrations of Doc (0.5 and 1.0 nM) and all concentrations of Que. An additive effect was observed at moderate and high concentrations of Doc (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 nM) and all concentrations of Que in both cell lines. The TAP-2 strategy was also helpful in overcoming Doc resistance in resistant CaP cells. In summary, Que improved the therapeutic effect of Doc in CRPC, and it is proposed that this improvement is mediated through multiple mechanisms. This study provides a novel therapeutic modality for an effective combination using Doc and Que to enhance the efficacy of Doc in an innocuous manner for Doc resistance and CRPC treatment.
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siRNA and targeted delivery systems in breast cancer therapy. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 25:1167-1188. [PMID: 36562927 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nucleic acid drugs have been considered as promising candidates in treatment of various diseases, especially cancer. Because of developing resistance to conventional chemotherapy, use of genetic tools in cancer therapy appears inevitable. siRNA is a RNAi tool with capacity of suppressing target gene. Owing to overexpression of oncogenic factors in cancer, siRNA can be used for suppressing those pathways. This review emphasizes the function of siRNA in treatment of breast tumor. The anti-apoptotic-related genes including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin can be down-regulated by siRNA in triggering cell death in breast cancer. STAT3, STAT8, Notch1, E2F3 and NF-κB are among the factors with overexpression in breast cancer that their silencing by siRNA paves the way for impairing tumor proliferation and invasion. The oncogenic mechanisms in drug resistance development in breast tumor such as lncRNAs can be suppressed by siRNA. Furthermore, siRNA reducing P-gp activity can increase drug internalization in tumor cells. Because of siRNA degradation at bloodstream and low accumulation at tumor site, nanoplatforms have been employed for siRNA delivery to suppress breast tumor progression via improving siRNA efficacy in gene silencing. Development of biocompatible and efficient nanostructures for siRNA delivery can make milestone progress in alleviation of breast cancer patients.
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Chen TC, Huang CW, Lo CY, Chen CN, Chang SF, Chen YY. Suppression of SREBP-1 Expression by Simvastatin Decreases Visfatin-Induced Chemoresistance to Sunitinib in Human Renal Carcinoma 786-O Cells. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111890. [PMID: 36431025 PMCID: PMC9695258 DOI: 10.3390/life12111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to sunitinib impedes the success of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Although several sunitinib resistance mechanisms have been proposed, little is known concerning the impact of obesity and adipokines in RCC cells. The upregulation of sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) has been reported to modulate the progression of tumor cells. The present study investigated the effect of visfatin on sunitinib-induced cytotoxicity in RCC cells through SREBP-1 expression. We found that visfatin-induced Akt and p70S6K activation increased SREBP-1 expression in 786-O cells. The visfatin-induced SREBP-1 mRNA and protein levels were attenuated through the inactivation of Akt and p70S6K by pharmacological inhibitors. In addition, the SREBP-1 knockdown using siRNA enhanced the cytotoxic effects of sunitinib. Our results also revealed the roles of simvastatin in attenuating the effects of visfatin on 786-O cells by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species. In particular, simvastatin co-treatment increased the cell cytotoxicity of sunitinib in visfatin-treated 786-O cells, which were associated with down-regulation of SREBP-1 expression. Our results suggest an important role of SREBP-1 in visfatin-induced drug resistance of RCC cells to sunitinib. The cytotoxic mechanism of simvastatin on RCC cells may provide a new strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes for the RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chuan Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Lo
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Lee KC, Wu KL, Chang SF, Chang HI, Chen CN, Chen YY. Fermented Ginger Extract in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Enhances Cytotoxicity by Inhibiting NF-κB Mediated CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Oxaliplatin-Resistant Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2057. [PMID: 36290780 PMCID: PMC9598626 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger extracts have been shown to have health-promoting pharmacological activity and beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anticancer properties. The extraction of ginger by natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) has been shown to enhance bioactivity, but the cytotoxicity of NaDES extracts needs to be further determined. Signaling through the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expressed on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells has a pivotal role in tumor cell chemosensitivity. Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum compound used as an effective chemotherapeutic drug for CRC treatment. However, whether ginger extract and oxaliplatin could induce a synergistic cytotoxic effect in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells through modulating CXCR4 expression is not known. In this study, oxaliplatin-resistant HCT-116 (HCT-116/R) cells were generated first. Ginger was extracted using the NaDES mixture betaine/lactate/water (1:2:2.5). Lactobacillus reuteri fermentation of NaDES-ginger extract increased the total polyphenol content (12.42 mg gallic acid/g in non-fermented NaDES-ginger extract and 23.66 mg gallic acid/g in fermented NaDES-ginger extract). It also increased the antioxidant activity by about 20−30% compared to non-fermented NaDES-ginger extract. In addition, it achieved low cytotoxicity to normal colonic mucosal cells and enhanced the anticancer effect on HCT-116/R cells. On the other hand, the inhibition of NF-κB activation by fermented NaDES-ginger extract significantly decreased the CXCR4 expression (p < 0.05) in HCT-116/R cells. The inactivation of NF-κB by pharmacological inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate further enhanced the fermented NaDES-ginger extract-reduced CXCR4 expression levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, fermented NaDES-ginger extract could synergistically increase the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin by inhibiting CXCR4 expression and inactivating NF-κB, resulting in HCT-116/R cell death. These findings demonstrate that fermented NaDES-ginger extract reduces the NF-kB-mediated activation of CXCR4 and enhances oxaliplatin-induced cytotoxicity in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Lin Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
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