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Wang ZX, Li PP, Jia YJ, Wen LX, Tang ZS, Wang YP, Cui F, Hu FD. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of triterpenoid accumulation in the roots of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta (Nannf.) L.T.Shen at different altitudes. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 38764207 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Codonopsis Radix is a beneficial traditional Chinese medicine, and triterpenoid are the major bioactive constituents. Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta (Nannf.) L.T.Shen (CPM) is a precious variety of Codonopsis Radix, which is distributed at high mountain areas. The environment plays an important role in the synthesis and metabolism of active ingredients in medicinal plants, but there is no report elaborating on the effect of altitude on terpenoid metabolites accumulation in CPM. OBJECTIVES This study aims to analyse the effects of altitude on triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways and secondary metabolite accumulation in CPM. MATERIAL AND METHODS The untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and 10 triterpenoids based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method were analysed at the low-altitude (1480 m) and high-altitude (2300 m) CPM fresh roots. The transcriptome based on high-throughput sequencing technology were combined to analyse the different altitude CPM triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS A total of 17,351 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 55 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected from the different altitude CPM, and there are significant differences in the content of the 10 triterpenoids. The results of transcriptome study showed that CPM could significantly up-regulate the gene expression levels of seven key enzymes in the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS The CPM at high altitude is more likely to accumulate triterpenes than those at low altitude, which was related to the up-regulation of the gene expression levels of seven key enzymes. These results expand our understanding of how altitude affects plant metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Peng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Jun Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Long-Xia Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Shi Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang-Di Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Codonopsis Radix Research Institute in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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Li Y, Huang Q, Zeng X, Wang R, Li W. Population Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin in High-Altitude and Plain Patients with Hyperlipidemic. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:345-352. [PMID: 37864509 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of drugs were altered under high-altitude hypoxia. We aim to describe the population PK of atorvastatin (ATV) to identify patient characteristics that are predictive of variability in the PK parameters of the ATV and investigate the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the blood concentration of ATV in patients with hyperlipidemia. A total of 160 plasma concentrations were collected from 40 patients with hyperlipidemia in plateau areas and 40 in plain areas. The population pharmacokinetic model of patients with hyperlipidemia in plateau and plain areas of China was established by a nonlinear mixed-effects model. The PK of ATV were described by a 1-compartment model with first-order elimination. The main PK parameters of ATV were the first-order absorption rate (0.76 hour-1 fixed); clearance (174.22 L/h) and apparent volume of distribution (1119.62 L). The values of area and age were identified as significant covariates for the clearance, area, age, and urea for the volume of distribution. The steady-state peak concentration in the plateau area was higher than that in the plain area. This study may suggest dose reduction is necessary for patients with hyperlipidemia in high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
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Louise Kelly C, Wydrzynska M, Phelan MM, Osharovich S, Delikatny EJ, Sée V, Poptani H. Inhibition of glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by the choline-kinase inhibitor JAS239 varies with cell type and hypoxia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576078. [PMID: 38293093 PMCID: PMC10827177 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Background Elevated choline kinase alpha (ChoK) is observed in most solid tumours including glioblastomas (GBM), yet until recently, inhibitors of ChoK have demonstrated limited efficacy in GBM models. Given that hypoxia is associated with GBM therapy resistance, we hypothesised that tumour hypoxia could be responsible for such limitations. We therefore evaluated in GBM cells, the effect of hypoxia on the function of JAS239, a potent ChoK inhibitor. Methods Rodent (F98 and 9L) and human (U-87 MG and U-251 MG) GBM cell lines were subjected to 72 hours of hypoxia conditioning and treated with JAS239 for 24 hours. NMR metabolomic measurements and analyses were performed to evaluate the signalling pathways involved. In addition, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell invasion were measured in cell monolayers and 3D spheroids, with or without JAS239 treatment in normoxic or hypoxic cells to assess how hypoxia affects JAS239 function. Results Hypoxia and JAS239 treatment led to significant changes in the cellular metabolic pathways, specifically the phospholipid and glycolytic pathways associated with a reduction in cell proliferation via induced cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, JAS239 also impaired GBM invasion. However, JAS239 effects were variable depending on the cell line, reflecting the inherent heterogeneity observed in GBMs. Conclusion Our findings indicate that JAS239 and hypoxia can deregulate cellular metabolism, inhibit proliferation and alter cell invasion. These results may be useful for the design of new therapeutic strategies based on ChoK inhibition that can act on multiple pro-tumorigenic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Louise Kelly
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martyna Wydrzynska
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marie M Phelan
- High field NMR facility, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Sofya Osharovich
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Violaine Sée
- Centre for Cell Imaging, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Zhang X, Mu H, Zhong Y, Wang R, Li W. Effect of High Altitude Environment on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of Warfarin in Rats. Curr Drug Metab 2024; 25:54-62. [PMID: 38409697 DOI: 10.2174/0113892002277930240201101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High altitude environment affects the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of drugs and the PK parameters are an important theoretical basis for guiding the rational clinical use of drugs. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant of the coumarin class commonly used in clinical practice, but it has a narrow therapeutic window and wide individual variation. However, the effect of high altitude environment on PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) of warfarin is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a high altitude environment on PK and PD of warfarin in rats. METHOD Rats were randomly divided into plain group and high altitude group and blood samples were collected through the orbital venous plexus after administration of 2 mg/kg warfarin. Warfarin concentrations in plasma samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and PK parameters were calculated by the non-compartment model using WinNonlin 8.1 software. Meanwhile, the expression of PXR, P-gp and CYP2C9 in liver tissues was also determined by western blotting. The effect of high altitude environment on PD of warfarin was explored by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) values and then calculated international normalized ratio (INR) values based on PT. RESULTS Significant changes in PK behaviors and PD of warfarin in high altitude-rats were observed. Compared with the plain-rats, the peak concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increased significantly by 50.9% and 107.46%, respectively. At the same time, high altitude environment significantly inhibited the expression of PXR, P-gp and CYP2C9 in liver tissues. The results of the PD study showed that high altitude environments significantly prolonged PT, APTT and INR values. CONCLUSION High altitude environment inhibited the metabolism and increased the absorption of warfarin in rats and increased the effect of anticoagulant effect, suggesting that the optimal dose of warfarin for patients at high altitude should be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongfang Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
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Liao Y, Chen Z, Yang Y, Shen D, Chai S, Ma Y, Ge R, Wang X, Wang S, Liu S. Antibiotic intervention exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in SD rats under hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:70-83. [PMID: 37806597 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining host nutrition, metabolism, and immune homeostasis, particularly in extreme environmental conditions. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the gut microbiota in animal organisms hypobaric hypoxia exposure require further study. We conducted a research by comparing SD rats treated with an antibiotic (ABX) cocktail and untreated SD rats that were housed in a low-pressure oxygen chamber (simulating low pressure and hypoxic environment at 6000 m altitude) for 30 days. After the experiment, blood, feces, and lung tissues from SD rats were collected for analysis of blood, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and non-targeted metabolomics. The results demonstrated that the antibiotic cocktail-treated SD rats exhibited elevated counts of neutrophil (Neu) and monocyte (Mon) cells, an enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SBC), reduced levels of glutathione, and accumulated phospholipid compounds. Notably, the accumulation of phospholipid compounds, particularly lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), along with the aforementioned changes, contributed to heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the organism. In addition, we explored the resistance mechanisms of SD rats in low-oxygen and low-pressure environments and found that increasing the quantity of the Prevotellaceae and related beneficial bacteria (especially Lactobacillus) could reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings offer valuable insights into enhancing the adaptability of low-altitude animals under hypobaric hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yingkui Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Di Shen
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shatuo Chai
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Rili Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
| | - Shujie Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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Duo D, Duan Y, Zhu J, Bai X, Yang J, Liu G, Wang Q, Li X. New strategy for rational use of antihypertensive drugs in clinical practice in high-altitude hypoxic environments. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:388-404. [PMID: 37606301 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2250930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude hypoxic environments have critical implications on cardiovascular system function as well as blood pressure regulation. Such environments place patients with hypertension at risk by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to an increase in blood pressure. In addition, the high-altitude hypoxic environment alters the in vivo metabolism and antihypertensive effects of antihypertensive drugs, which changes the activity and expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. The present study reviewed the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs and its effects on patients with hypertension in a high-altitude hypoxic environment. It also proposes a new strategy for the rational use of antihypertensive drugs in clinical practice in high-altitude hypoxic environments. The increase in blood pressure on exposure to a high-altitude hypoxic environment was mainly dependent on increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Blood pressure also increased proportionally to altitude, whilst ambulatory blood pressure increased more than conventional blood pressure, especially at night. High-altitude hypoxia can reduce the activities and expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A1, and CYP2E1, while increasing those of CYP2D1, CYP2D6, and CYP3A6. Drug transporter changes were related to tissue type, hypoxic degree, and hypoxic exposure time. Furthermore, the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on drug-metabolism enzymes and transporters altered drug pharmacokinetics, causing changes in pharmacodynamic responses. These findings suggest that high-altitude hypoxic environments affect the blood pressure, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of antihypertensive drugs. The optimal hypertension treatment plan and safe and effective medication strategy should be formulated considering high-altitude hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Duo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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