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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Chougule M, Guntupalli C, Sivadasu P. Conventional vs Mechanistic IVIVC: A Comparative Study in Establishing Dissolution Safe Space for Extended Release Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:118. [PMID: 38806735 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for extended release oral dosage forms is an important technique that can avoid potential clinical studies. IVIVC has been a topic of discussion over the past two decades since the inception of USFDA guidance. It has been routinely used for biowaivers, establishment of dissolution safe space and clinically relevant dissolution specifications, for supporting site transfers, scale-up and post approval changes. Although conventional or mathematical IVIVC is routinely used, other approach such as mechanistic IVIVC can be of attractive choice as it integrates all the physiological aspects. In the present study, we have performed comparative evaluation of mechanistic and conventional IVIVC for establishment of dissolution safe space using divalproex sodium and tofacitinib extended release formulations as case examples. Conventional IVIVC was established using Phoenix and mechanistic IVIVC was set up using Gastroplus physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM). Virtual dissolution profiles with varying release rates were constructed around target dissolution profile using Weibull function. After internal and external validation, the virtual dissolution profiles were integrated into mechanistic and conventional IVIVC and safe space was established by absolute error and T/R ratio's methods. The results suggest that mechanistic IVIVC yielded wider safe space as compared to conventional IVIVC. The results suggest that a mechanistic approach of establishing IVIVC may be a flexible approach as it integrates physiological aspects. These findings suggest that mechanistic IVIVC has wider potential as compared to conventional IVIVC to gain wider dissolution safe space and thus can avoid potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Mahendra Chougule
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Chakravarthi Guntupalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
| | - Praveen Sivadasu
- Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India.
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Miranda Dos Santos E, Ferraz HG, Issa MG, Duque MD. Development of Extended-Release Formulations Containing Cyclobenzaprine Based on Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling and Bioequivalence Safe Space. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3131-3140. [PMID: 37473918 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) and bioequivalence safe space is increasingly common for immediate-release drug products. However, for extended-release (ER) formulations there are only a few examples of this application. In this study, we developed ER formulations containing cyclobenzaprine 15 mg, supported by PBBM and bioequivalence safe space. Four formulations were prepared, F1, F2, F3 (ER mini-tablet formulations) and F4 (ER tablet formulation), and the dissolution profiles were evaluated. The dissolution profile of the reference drug product was also evaluated and used to set a bioequivalence safe space. A PBBM was set up, evaluated, and used to predict the in vivo behavior of the formulations. The bioequivalence safe space was calculated to be between - 25% and + 75% of the k1 and Tlag values of the dissolution profile of the reference drug product when applying the first-order dissolution kinetic model. All time points of the dissolution profile of the ER mini-tablet formulation F2, were within the safe space, and was approved in 10 of 10 trials of crossover virtual bioequivalence studies. Based on the PBBM strategy and bioequivalence safe space, it was possible to develop an ER mini-tablet formulation virtually bioequivalent to the reference drug product, even though this formulation failed the f2 test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Miranda Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto Gomes Ferraz
- Departament of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-080, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Georges Issa
- Departament of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-080, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Duque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau, 210, Centro, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil.
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Wang L, Chen J, Chen W, Ruan Z, Lou H, Yang D, Jiang B. In silico prediction of bioequivalence of atorvastatin tablets based on GastroPlus™ software. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:69. [PMID: 38017512 PMCID: PMC10685666 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prediction of intestinal absorption of various drugs based on computer simulations has been a reality. However, in vivo pharmacokinetic simulations and virtual bioequivalence evaluation based on GastroPlus™ have not been found. This study aimed to simulate plasma concentrations with different dissolution profiles and run population simulations to evaluate the bioequivalence of test and reference products of atorvastation using GastroPlus software. The dissolution profiles of the reference and test products of atorvastatin (20 mg tablets), and clinical plasma concentration-time data of the reference product were used for the simulations. The results showed that the simulated models were successfully established for atorvastatin tablets. Population simulation results indicated that the test formulation was bioequivalent to the reference formulation. The findings suggest that modelling is an essential tool to demonstrating the possibility of pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence for atorvastatin. It will contribute to understanding the potential risks during the development of generic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zourong Ruan
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honggang Lou
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang F, Wu X, Wu K, Yu M, Liu B, Wang H. Predicting the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs across BCS Classes 1-4 by Virtual Bioequivalence Model. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:395-408. [PMID: 36469444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of solubility and permeability on the pharmacokinetic prediction performance of orally administered drugs using avirtual bioequivalence (VBE) model, a total of 23 orally administered drugs covering Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes 1-4 were selected. A VBE model (i.e., a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model integrated with dissolution data) based on a B2O simulator was applied for pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction in a virtual population. Parameter sensitivity analysis was used for input parameter selection. The predictive performances of PK parameters (i.e., AUC0-t, Cmax, and Tmax), PK profiles, and bioequivalence (BE) results were evaluated using the twofold error, average fold error (AFE), absolute average fold error (AAFE), and BE reassessment metrics. All models successfully simulated the mean PK profiles, with AAFE < 2 and AFE ranging from 0.58 to 1.66. As for the PK parameters, except for the time of peak concentration, Tmax, of isosorbide mononitrate, other simulated PK parameters were all within a twofold error. The simulated PK behaviors were comparable to the observed ones, both for test (T) and reference (R) products, and the simulated T/R arithmetic mean ratios were all within 0.88-1.16 of the observed values. These four evaluation metrics were distributed equally among BCS class 1-4 drugs. The VBE model showed powerful performance to predict the PK behavior of orally administered drugs with various combinations of solubility and permeability, irrespective of the BCS category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Keheng Wu
- Yinghan Pharmaceutical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai201100, China
| | - Mengyang Yu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430205, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
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da Silva Honório T, Simon A, Machado RMC, Rodrigues CR, do Carmo FA, Cabral LM, de Sousa VP. Use of In silico Methodologies to Predict the Bioavailability of Oral Suspensions: A Regulatory Approach. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3040-3049. [PMID: 37957861 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128257028231030113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral suspensions are heterogeneous disperse systems, and the particle size distribution, crystalline form of the dispersed solid, and composition of the formulation can be listed as parameters that control the drug dissolution rate and its bioavailability. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to develop a discriminative dissolution test, which, in association with in silico methodologies, can make it possible to safely anticipate bioavailability problems. METHODS Nimesulide and ibuprofen (BCS class II) and cephalexin (BCS class I) oral suspensions were studied. Previously, solid-state structure and particle size in active pharmaceutical ingredients were characterized and the impact of differences on solubility was evaluated for the choice of discriminative medium. Afterwards, particle size distribution (0.1 to 360 μm), dissolution profile, and in vitro permeability in Caco-2 cell of commercial suspensions, were determined. These parameters were used as input for the establishment of the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for the suspensions using the GastroPlus™ with Wagner-Nelson and Loo- Riegelmann deconvolution approach. RESULTS The predicted/observed pharmacokinetic model showed good correlation coefficients (r) of 0.960, 0.950, and 0.901, respectively. The IVIVC was established for one nimesulide and two ibuprofen suspensions with r between 0.956 and 0.932, and the percent prediction error (%PE) did not exceed 15%. CONCLUSION In this work, we have performed a complete study combining in vitro/in silico approaches with the aim of anticipating the safety and efficacy of oral pharmaceutical suspensions in order to provide a regulatory tool for this category of products in a faster and more economical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago da Silva Honório
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & QSAR, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Culture (LabCel), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alice Simon
- Laboratory of Cell Culture (LabCel), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology (LabTIF), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiane Monteiro Clacino Machado
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology (LabTIF), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & QSAR, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Almada do Carmo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology (LabTIF), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratory of Cell Culture (LabCel), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology (LabTIF), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Industrial Technology (LabTIF), Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lazo REL, Teleginski LK, Maciel AB, Silva MAS, Mendes C, Bernardi LS, Murakami FS, Sonvico F, Oliveira PR. Comparator product issues for biowaiver implementation: the case of Fluconazole. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Topical finasteride dose evaluation for treatment of androgenetic alopecia using computer simulations. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:169-175. [PMID: 34425076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the absorption of finasteride administered by oral and topical routes for treatment of androgenetic alopecia, by means of computer simulations using the GastroPlus ® software. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo plasma concentration profile of oral administration of finasteride 1 mg tablets from the literature was used in the software to build a compartmental pharmacokinetic model that was extrapolated to simulate topical administration of finasteride 0.25% solution in the scalp. Results were compared to literature and other drug concentrations (0.1% and 1%) were also predicted. RESULTS Compared to literature data, predictive plasma curve from oral administration of finasteride 1 mg showed good correlation, R2=0.992, and Cmax=4.6769 ng/mL. Simulations of topical administration in the scalp for finasteride 0.25% solution showed good correlation, R2=0.908, and Cmax=0.04325 ng/mL when compared to literature data. Topical administration was also simulated at concentrations 0.1% and 1%, both with low plasma concentrations. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study suggest that topical finasteride is a potential treatment for androgenetic alopecia in the concentrations analyzed using computer simulations in GastroPlus ®.
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In Silico Modeling and Simulation to Guide Bioequivalence Testing for Oral Drugs in a Virtual Population. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1373-1385. [PMID: 34191255 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3) shows great advantages in facilitating drug development. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model is one of the powerful computational approaches of MID3, and the emerging field of virtual bioequivalence is well recognized to be the future of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Based on the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo, virtual bioequivalence study can evaluate the similarity and potential difference of pharmacokinetic and clinical performance between test and reference formulations. With the aid of virtual bioequivalence study, the pivotal information of clinical trials can be provided to streamline the development for both new and generic drugs. However, a regulatory framework of virtual bioequivalence study has not reached its full maturity. Therefore, this article aims to present an overview of the current status of bioequivalence study, identify the framework of virtual bioequivalence studies for oral drugs, and also discuss the future opportunities of virtual bioequivalence in supporting the waiver and optimization of in vivo clinical trials.
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Fonseca ADM, Araújo CDCB, da Silva JH, Honório TDS, Nasciutti LE, Cabral LM, do Carmo FA, de Sousa VP. Development of transdermal based hydrogel formulations of vinorelbine with an evaluation of their in vitro profiles and activity against melanoma cells and in silico prediction of drug absorption. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Prediction of plasma concentrations using in silico modelling and simulation approach: Case of Acebutolol. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 79:530-538. [PMID: 33675740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to predict the plasma concentrations of acebutolol tablets with different dissolution profiles using computer modelling and evaluating whether they are bioequivalent using simulated population studies. METHODS The dissolution behaviour of acebutolol was studied in the USP Apparatus-II using different dissolution media for pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8 at 37±0.5°C. The obtained dissolution data, as well as plasma concentration-time data of the reference product from the literature were used as inputs to build pharmacokinetic model of acebutolol within GastroPlus™ software (version 9.7, Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA, USA) to simulate the in vivo profiles of the drug. RESULTS The dissolution profiles of the reference product Sectral® 400mg tablets and a locally produced generic product were>85% in 15min in three dissolution media. Simulation results demonstrated that the brand and generic products would show the same in vivo performance. Population simulation results of the ln-transformed 90% confidence interval for the ratio of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf values for the two products were within the 80-125% interval, showing to be bioequivalent. CONCLUSION Based on the in vitro results combined with in silico simulations using GastroPlus™, a biowaiver for immediate release acebutolol tablets is justified. Furthermore, computer modelling has shown to be a very intersting tool to prove the bioequivalence for these products.
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Synthesis, Biological Activity and In Silico Pharmacokinetic Prediction of a New 2-Thioxo-Imidazoldidin-4-One of Primaquine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030196. [PMID: 33673562 PMCID: PMC7997226 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel antiparasitic drugs for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitutes a global urgency and requires a range of innovative strategies to ensure a sustainable pipeline of lead compounds. Thus far, primaquine (PQ) is the only transmission-blocking antimalarial that is clinically available, displaying marked activity against gametocytes of all causative species of human malaria (Plasmodium spp.). Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is another PQ-sensitive illness besides malaria. One of the major drawbacks of PQ is its metabolism into carboxyprimaquine (CPQ), which is less active than the parent drug. In this study, we developed different synthetic pathways to confer N-protection to PQ through introduction of thioxo-imidazolidin-4-one. The introduction of this group prevents the formation of CPQ, counteracting one major drawback of the parent drug. After that, we evaluated the potential biological activity of the novel 2-thioxo-imidazolidin-4-one derivative of PQ, which showed relevant in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 1.4 μM) compared to PQ (IC50 1.7 μM) and the reference drug benznidazole (IC50 1.6 μM). Noting its acceptable pharmacokinetic profile, this PQ conjugate may be a potential scaffold for novel drug exploration against Chagas disease.
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An In Vitro-In Vivo Simulation Approach for the Prediction of Bioequivalence. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030555. [PMID: 33498960 PMCID: PMC7865526 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a new in vitro–in vivo simulation (IVIVS) approach in order to predict the outcome of a bioequivalence study. The predictability of the IVIVS procedure was evaluated through its application in the development process of a new generic product of amlodipine/irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide. The developed IVIVS methodology is composed of three parts: (a) mathematical description of in vitro dissolution profiles, (b) mathematical description of in vivo kinetics, and (c) development of joint in vitro–in vivo simulations. The entire programming was done in MATLAB® and all created scripts were validated through other software. The IVIVS approach can be implemented for any number of subjects, clinical design, variability and can be repeated for thousands of times using Monte Carlo techniques. The probability of success of each scenario is recorded and finally, an overall assessment is made in order to select the most suitable batch. Alternatively, if the IVIVS shows reduced probability of BE success, the R&D department is advised to reformulate the product. In this study, the IVIVS approach predicted successfully the BE outcome of the three drugs. During the development of generics, the IVIVS approach can save time and expenses.
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In Vitro Dissolution and in Silico Modeling Shortcuts in Bioequivalence Testing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010045. [PMID: 31947944 PMCID: PMC7022479 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To review in vitro testing and simulation platforms that are in current use to predict in vivo performances of generic products as well as other situations to provide evidence for biowaiver and support drug formulations development. Methods: Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were used to review published literature over the past 10 years. The terms used were “simulation AND bioequivalence” and “modeling AND bioequivalence” in the title field of databases, followed by screening, and then reviewing. Results: A total of 22 research papers were reviewed. Computer simulation using software such as GastroPlus™, PK-Sim® and SimCyp® find applications in drug modeling. Considering the wide use of optimization for in silico predictions to fit observed data, a careful review of publications is required to validate the reliability of these platforms. For immediate release (IR) drug products belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes I and III, difference factor (ƒ1) and similarity factor (ƒ2) are calculated from the in vitro dissolution data of drug formulations to support biowaiver; however, this method can be more discriminatory and may not be useful for all dissolution profiles. Conclusions: Computer simulation platforms need to improve their mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and if prospectively validated within a small percentage of error from the observed clinical data, they can be valuable tools in bioequivalence (BE) testing and formulation development.
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