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Ahmadipour Z, Seyed Dorraji MS, Ashjari HR, Dodangeh F, Rasoulifard MH. Applying in-situ visible photopolymerization for fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous carrier for meloxicam delivery. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9741. [PMID: 37328688 PMCID: PMC10275867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite meloxicam's many benefits, it will cause many drawbacks if the meloxicam release rate is not controlled. Accordingly, we introduced a technique based on the electrospinning process to control the release rate and also to reduce side effects. For this purpose, different nanofibers were used as drug couriers. Nanofibers were prepared using polyurethane, polyethylene glycol, and light curable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) by electrospinning. In fact, light curable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was synthesized as a hydrophilic functional group. Next, PEGDA and polyurethane were used simultaneously to fabricate the drug carrier nanofiber in a single processing step, and the electrospinning apparatus was equipped with a blue light source for in-situ photopolymerization during the electrospinning process. The molecular structures of nanofibers and PEGDA were investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, SEM, TEM, XRD, and DSC analyses. Finally, we reduced in vitro drug release to 44% within ten hours, while the minimum release of meloxicam from the tablet was 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ahmadipour
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M S Seyed Dorraji
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - H R Ashjari
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - F Dodangeh
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M H Rasoulifard
- Applied Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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2
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Jing X, Zhou J, Zhang N, Zhao L, Wang S, Zhang L, Zhou F. A Review of the Effects of Puerarin on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Opportunities. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233941. [PMID: 36496749 PMCID: PMC9739247 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases, including metabolic syndrome related to sugar and lipid metabolic disorders, are the leading causes of premature death around the world. Novel treatment strategies without undesirable effects are urgently needed. As a natural functional ingredient, puerarin is a promising alternative for the treatment of sugar and lipid metabolic disorders. However, the applications of puerarin are limited due to its poor solubility and short half-life. Various drug delivery systems have been investigated to improve the bioavailability of puerarin. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in the beneficial action of puerarin: suppressing the release of glucose and FFA; regulating the transport of glucose and fatty acids; acting on the PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways to decrease the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids; acting on the PPAR signaling pathway to promote β-oxidation; and improving insulin secretion and sensitivity. In addition, the preparation technologies used to improve the bioavailability of puerarin are also summarized in this review, in the hope of helping to promote the application of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nanhai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shiran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liebing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (F.Z.)
| | - Feng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (F.Z.)
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Novac M, Musuc AM, Ozon EA, Sarbu I, Mitu MA, Rusu A, Gheorghe D, Petrescu S, Atkinson I, Lupuliasa D. Manufacturing and Assessing the New Orally Disintegrating Tablets, Containing Nimodipine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and Nimodipine-methyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27062012. [PMID: 35335371 PMCID: PMC8955142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to manufacture new orally disintegrating tablets containing nimodipine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and nimodipine-methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. For obtaining a better quality of the manufactured tablets, three methods of the preparation of inclusion complexes, in a 1:1 molar ratio, were used comparatively; namely, a solid-state kneading method and two liquid state coprecipitation and lyophilization techniques. The physical and chemical properties of the obtained inclusion complexes, as well as their physical mixtures, were investigated using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the lyophilization method can be successfully used for a better complexation. Finally, the formulation and precompression studies for tablets for oral dispersion, containing Nim-HP-β-CD and Nim-Me-β-CD inclusion complexes, were successfully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Novac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Adina Magdalena Musuc
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.); (D.G.); (S.P.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (I.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Emma Adriana Ozon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (I.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Iulian Sarbu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics and Biophysics, Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 004051 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (I.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mirela Adriana Mitu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (I.S.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Adriana Rusu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.); (D.G.); (S.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Daniela Gheorghe
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.); (D.G.); (S.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Simona Petrescu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.); (D.G.); (S.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Irina Atkinson
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.); (D.G.); (S.P.); (I.A.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020945 Bucharest, Romania; (M.N.); (D.L.)
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Chen B, Wang X, Zhang Y, Huang K, Liu H, Xu D, Li S, Liu Q, Huang J, Yao H, Lin X. Improved solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of main biflavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii extract by amorphous solid dispersion. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:309-322. [PMID: 32037895 PMCID: PMC7034131 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amentoflavone, robustaflavone, 2″,3″-dihydro-3′,3‴-biapigenin, 3′,3‴-binaringenin, and delicaflavone are five major hydrophobic components in the total biflavonoids extract from Selaginella doederleinii (TBESD) that display favorable anticancer properties. The purpose of this study was to develop a new oral delivery formulation to improve the solubilities, dissolution rates, and oral bioavailabilities of the main ingredients in TBESD by the solid dispersion technique. Solid dispersions of TBESD with various hydrophilic polymers were prepared, and different technologies were applied to select the suitable carrier and method. TBESD amorphous solid dispersion (TBESD-ASD) with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 was successfully prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The physicochemical properties of TBESD-ASD were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. As a result, TBESD was found to be molecularly dispersed in the amorphous carrier. The solubilities and dissolution rates of all five ingredients in the TBESD-ASD were significantly increased (nearly 100% release), compared with raw TBESD. Meanwhile, TBESD-ASD showed good preservation stability for 3 months under accelerated conditions of 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. A subsequent pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that Cmax and AUC0–t of all five components were significantly increased by the solid dispersion preparation. An in vivo study clearly revealed that compared to raw TBESD, a significant reduction in tumor size and microvascular density occurred after oral administration of TBESD-ASD to xenograft-bearing tumor mice. Collectively, the developed TBESD-ASD with the improved solubility, dissolution rates and oral bio-availabilities of the main ingredients could be a promising chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangping Huang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dafen Xu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Li X, Fang J, Xin M, Li Q, Wang J, Yang H, Wu X. Rebaudioside A/TPGS mixed nanomicelles as promising nanocarriers for nimodipine ocular delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1119-1132. [PMID: 32783152 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nimodipine (NMD), a calcium channel blocker, has demonstrated benefits in treating glaucoma. However, its ocular therapeutic application remains limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, which restrains the development of an ophthalmic formulation. Thus, the present study aimed to formulate an NMD micelle ophthalmic solution to enhance the potential of NMD in an ocular topical formulation to treat glaucoma. The NMD micelle ophthalmic solution was formulated with nanocarriers composed of rebaudioside A and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate. Spherical mixed micelles were optimized and obtained at a small micelle size 13.429 ± 0.181 nm with a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index 0.166 ± 0.023) and high encapsulation efficiency rate (99.59 ± 0.09%). Compared with free NMD, NMD in micelles had much greater in vitro membrane permeability and antioxidant activity. The NMD micelle ophthalmic solution was well tolerated in rabbit eyes. It profoundly improved the in vivo intraocular permeation of NMD, and in vivo intraocular pressure reduction and improved miosis were also observed. Accordingly, this NMD micelle ophthalmic solution might be a promising ocular formulation to treat glaucoma. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jingwang Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Meng Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xianggen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China. .,Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research for Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Zhang Y, Hu H, Jing Q, Wang Z, He Z, Wu T, Feng NP. Improved Biosafety and Transdermal Delivery of Aconitine via Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether-Mediated Microemulsion Assisted with Microneedles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020163. [PMID: 32079146 PMCID: PMC7076442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether-mediated microemulsions were combined with microneedles for enhanced transdermal aconitine delivery. The oil-in-water microemulsion increasedaconitine solubility and enhanced transdermal drug delivery and assistance with metal microneedles enhanced permeation of the aconitine-loaded microemulsion. Carried by the microemulsion, the in vitro permeability of aconitine was significantly enhanced, and further improved using microneedles. In vivo microdialysis revealed that the subcutaneous local drug concentration reached a high level within 30 min and remained relatively consistent to the end of the experimental period. AUC0-t of the microemulsion group was significantly higher than that of the aqueous solution group, and the microemulsion combined with microneedles group achieved the highest AUC0-t among the tested groups. The microemulsion and microdialysis probe also showed good biocompatibility with skin tissue. The microemulsion could be internalized by HaCaT and CCC-ESF-1 cells via lysosomes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of aconitine toward skin cells was reduced via encapsulation by microemulsion, and the prepared microemulsion developed no skin irritation. Hence, transdermal aconitine delivery and drug biosafety were effectively improved by loading into the microemulsion and assisting with microneedles, and in vivo microdialysis technique is suitable for realtime monitoring of transdermal drug delivery with microemulsion-based drug vehicles.
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Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Phillygenin: Formulation Development, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020130. [PMID: 32028742 PMCID: PMC7076376 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phillygenin, as an active ingredient of Forsythia suspensa, possesses a wide range of biological and pharmacological activity. However, its development and application are restricted due to its poor bioavailability and low solubility. Our work aimed to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of phillygenin. The composition of the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system was preliminary screened by the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Subsequently, the central composite design method was employed to optimize the prescription of the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system loaded with phillygenin. The prepared self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin was characterized in terms of morphology, droplet size distribution, polydispersity index and stability. Then, the in vitro dissolution and the oral bioavailability were analyzed. The optimized self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin consisted of 27.8% Labrafil M1944CS, 33.6% Cremophor EL, 38.6% polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) and 10.2 mg/g phillygenin loading. The prepared self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin exhibited spherical and uniform droplets with small size (40.11 ± 0.74 nm) and satisfactory stability. The in vitro dissolution experiment indicated that the cumulative dissolution rate of the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin was significantly better than that of free phillygenin. Furthermore, after oral administration in rats, the bioavailability of phillygenin was significantly enhanced by the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. The relative bioavailability of the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin was 588.7% compared to the phillygenin suspension. These findings suggest that the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of phillygenin can be a promising oral drug delivery system to improve the absorption of phillygenin.
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Comparison of 1-Palmitoyl-2-Linoleoyl-3-Acetyl-Rac-Glycerol-Loaded Self-Emulsifying Granule and Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Powder Property, Dissolution and Oral Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080415. [PMID: 31426411 PMCID: PMC6723086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to compare the powder property, dissolution and bioavailability of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG)-loaded self-emulsifying granule system (SEGS) and solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Various SEGS formulations were prepared, and the effect of surfactant and binder on the drug solubility in them, leading to selecting sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The SEGS and SNEDDS were prepared with PLAG/SLS/HPMC/calcium silicate/microcrystalline cellulose at the weight ratio of 1:0.25:0.1:0.5:3 employing the fluid bed granulation and spray-drying technique, respectively. Their powder properties were compared in terms of flow ability, emulsion droplet size, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability in rats of the SEGS were assessed in comparison with the SNEDDS. The SEGS and SNEDDS enhanced the solubility of the drug approximately 36- and 32-fold as compared with the drug alone; but they had no differences. The crystalline drug may exist in both the calcium silicate and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the SEGS, but only in the calcium silicate in the SNEDDS. The SEGS had considerably improved the flow ability (Hausner ratio, 1.23 vs. 1.07; Carr index, 19.8 vs. 43.5%) and drug dissolution as compared with the SNEDDS. The SEGS and SNEDDS with double peak profiles, unlike the single peak of drug alone, showed a significantly higher plasma concentration and area under the curve (AUC), as compared with drug alone. Although they were not significantly different, the SEGS gave higher AUC than did the SNEDDS, suggesting its enhanced oral bioavailability of PLAG. Thus, the SEGS could be used as a powerful oral dosage form to improve the flow ability and oral bioavailability of PLAG, an oily drug.
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