1
|
Lin TC, Yang CY, Wu TH, Tseng CH, Yen FL. Myricetin Nanofibers Enhanced Water Solubility and Skin Penetration for Increasing Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030906. [PMID: 36986766 PMCID: PMC10058934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) can induce oxidative stress through the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the skin. Myricetin (MYR), a natural flavonoid compound, significantly inhibited UV-induced keratinocyte damage; however, its bioavailability is limited by its poor water solubility and inefficient skin penetration ability, which subsequently influences its biological activity. The purpose of the study was to develop a myricetin nanofibers (MyNF) system of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD)/polyvinylpyrrolidone K120 (PVP)-loaded with MYR that would enhance the water solubility and skin penetration by changing the physicochemical characteristics of MYR, including reducing the particle size, increasing the specific surface area, and amorphous transformation. The results also revealed that the MyNF can reduce cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes when compared with MYR; additionally, MyNF had better antioxidant and photoprotective activity than raw MYR for the UVB-induced HaCaT keratinocytes damage model due to the MyNF increased water solubility and permeability. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MyNF is a safe, photostable, and thermostable topical ingredient of antioxidant nanofibers to enhance the skin penetration of MYR and prevent UVB-induced skin damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung City 801, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (F.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2163) (C.-H.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2028) (F.-L.Y.)
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (F.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2163) (C.-H.T.); +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2028) (F.-L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chopra H, Verma R, Kaushik S, Parashar J, Madan K, Bano A, Bhardwaj R, Pandey P, Kumari B, Purohit D, Kumar M, Bhatia S, Rahman MH, Mittal V, Singh I, Kaushik D. Cyclodextrin-Based Arsenal for Anti-Cancer Treatments. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2023; 40:1-41. [PMID: 36734912 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2022038398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drugs are mostly limited in their use due to poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Their lower solubility is the most common hurdle limiting their use upto their potential. In the recent years, the cyclodextrin (CD) complexation have emerged as existing approach to overcome the problem of poor solubility. CD-based nano-technological approaches are safe, stable and showed well in vivo tolerance and greater payload for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs for the targeted delivery. They are generally chosen due to their ability to get self-assembled to form liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles and nano-sponges etc. This review paper describes a birds-eye view of the various CD-based nano-technological approaches applied for the delivery of anti-cancer moieties to the desired target such as CD based liposomes, niosomes, niosoponges, micelles, nanoparticles, monoclonal antibody, magnetic nanoparticles, small interfering RNA, nanorods, miscellaneous formulation of anti-cancer drugs containing CD. Moreover, the author also summarizes the various shortcomings of such a system and their way ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Sohna Road, Gurugram 122103, India
| | - Sakshi Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Kumud Madan
- Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology (Pharm), Knowledge Park, Greater Noida, U.P., India
| | - Afsareen Bano
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Rashmi Bhardwaj
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Gurugram 122413, India
| | - Beena Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, India
| | - Deepika Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Z, Wen J, Xu Y, Pei H, Li D, Tang M, Bai P, He J, Yang Z, Chen L. Therapeutic efficacy of an injectable formulation of purinostat mesylate in SU-DHL-6 tumour model. Ann Med 2022; 54:743-753. [PMID: 35243950 PMCID: PMC8903780 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2045347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have proven that Purinostat Mesylate (PM) is a new HDAC inhibitor and exhibits significant antitumor efficacy. However, the clinical application of PM was greatly limited by its poor solubility in water and low bioavailability.Objective:To increase the solubility of PM through pharmaceutical research, and prepare it into an injection that meets the needs of intravenous use to promote its clinical application.MethodsThe prepared PM/HP-β-CD inclusion complex was studied by computer simulation, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR spectroscopy), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the antitumor effects of PM/HP-β-CD inclusion complex were studied by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, apoptosis assay, pharmacokinetic study and in vivo antitumor assay.Results:Phase Solubility Analysis revealed that PM and HP-β-CD were compatible and the solubility of PM increased almost 220 times, to 2.02 mg/mL. The interaction mechanism studies revealed that PM could be embedded into the cavity of HP-β-CD through the side of the aminobenzene ring. Cell viability and apoptosis assays showed that PM/HP-β-CD complex maintained the good anti-cancer activity of PM, and PM/HP-β-CD complex has a better anti-tumor effect and lower toxicity than LBH589 and Hyper-CVAD/RTX in vivo. All the results suggest that HP-β-CD can solve the problem of PM administration and provide a way for clinical application of PM.Conclusions: In this study, an injectable formulation of PM in HP-β-CD (10% w/v) was prepared to improve its water solubility. Our research provides a way for clinical administration of PM, which has been under phase I clinical trial for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell-related hematologic malignancies in China and the USA.KEY MESSAGESWe developed a preparation of Purinostat Mesylate that can be administered intravenously, reducing the toxicity associated with oral administration.This preparation has an outstanding therapeutic effect on SU-DHL-6 xenograft tumour, indicating its clinical value, which has been under phase I clinical trial for the treatment of relapsed or refractory B-cell-related haematologic malignancies in China and the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zejiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaolin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China-California Research Center for Predictive Intervention Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaohui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Chengdu Zenitar Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd, Biomedical innovation Incubation Park, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang CY, Pan CC, Tseng CH, Yen FL. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammation and Antiaging Activities of Artocarpus altilis Methanolic Extract on Urban Particulate Matter-Induced HaCaT Keratinocytes Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2304. [PMID: 36421490 PMCID: PMC9687219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the reasons that exacerbate skin diseases. Impaired barrier function is a common symptom in skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis. Herbal extracts rich in antioxidants are thought to provide excellent pharmacological activities; however, the anti-pollution activity of Artocarpus altilis extract (AAM) has not been investigated yet. The present study demonstrated that 5 μg/mL of AAM was considered to be a safe dose for further experiments without cytotoxicity. Next, we evaluated the anti-pollution activity of AAM through the PM-induced keratinocytes damage cell model. The results showed that AAM could reduce PM-induced overproduction of intracellular ROS and the final product of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE). In addition, AAM not only reduced the inflammatory protein expressions, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but also balanced the aging protein ratio of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) through downregulating the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. For skin barrier protection, AAM could repair PM-induced barrier function proteins damage, including filaggrin, loricrin and aquaporin 3 for providing anti-aging bioactivity. In conclusion, AAM has the potential to be developed as an anti-pollution active ingredient for topical skin products to prevent skin oxidation, inflammation and aging, and restore the skin barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County 900, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cyclodextrin-based dermatological formulations: dermopharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
Liu N, Chen HP, Yang ZM, Xia MY, Wang D, Zang LH, Liu DC. Enhancement of Dissolving Capacity and Reducing Gastric Mucosa Irritation by Complex Formation of Resibufogenin with β-Cyclodextrin or 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103213. [PMID: 35630687 PMCID: PMC9146005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resibufogenin (RBG) is a natural medicinal ingredient with promising cardiac protection and antitumor activity. However, poor solubility and severe gastric mucosa irritation restrict its application in the pharmaceutical field. In this study, the inclusion complex of RBG with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared using the co-evaporation method, and the molar ratio of RBG to CD was determined to be approximately 1:2 by continuous variation plot for both CDs. The formation of inclusion complexes between RBG and each CD (RBG/β-CD and RBG/HP-β-CD) was evaluated by phase solubility study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed drug amorphization and encapsulation in the molecular cage for both CDs. Moreover, the inclusion complexes’ morphologies were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution rate of the inclusion complexes was markedly improved compared to that of RBG, and the complexes retained their antitumor activity, as shown in the in vitro cytotoxicity assay on a human lung adenocarcinoma cancer (A549) cell line. Moreover, less gastric mucosal irritation was observed for the inclusion complex. Thus, the inclusion complex should be considered a promising strategy for the delivery of poorly water-soluble anticancer agents, such as RBG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huan-Ping Chen
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Zi-Meng Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Ming-Yu Xia
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (M.-Y.X.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Dong Wang
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Ling-He Zang
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (M.-Y.X.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Dong-Chun Liu
- Graduate School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (N.L.); (H.-P.C.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tseng CH, Lin CF, Aljuffali IA, Huang JR, Yang SH, Fang JY. The effectiveness of synthetic methoxylated isoflavones in delivering to the skin and alleviating psoriasiform lesions via topical absorption. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121629. [PMID: 35245633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to appraise the possible potential of synthetic isoflavones (SIFs) on psoriasis treatment. A practical and easy-to-operate approach was employed in synthesizing a series of SIFs, considering that acquiring flavonoids from natural resources is usually expensive, time-consuming, and non-eco-friendly. Seven SIFs derived from daidzein were produced with differences in the location of the hydroxyl groups and degree of methoxylation. The in vitro and in vivo skin absorption of topically applied SIFs was estimated. Further, keratinocytes (HaCaT) were employed as the model to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the isoflavones. The lipophilicity was increased from SIF-1 to -7. Noteworthily, there was a parabolic relationship between lipophilicity and skin absorption, with SIF-5 (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone, daidzein) and SIF-6 (7-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyisoflavone, cladrin) demonstrating the highest retention in pig skin. The methoxylated isoflavone SIF-5 showed the greatest permeation into barrier-deficient skin among the compounds tested, with a 6- and 8-fold increase after lipid and protein removal. The cell-based study exhibited the capability of SIFs to restrain the overexpressed IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 in stimulated HaCaT. The therapeutic index (TI) predicted the potential candidates of SIF-5 and SIF-6 for topical application to treat psoriatic inflammation. The imiquimod (IMQ)-driven psoriasiform murine model manifested the inhibition of hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration by topically administered SIF-5 and SIF-6. The epidermal thickness of IMQ-treated skin was decreased from 172 to 40 μm by both isoflavones. This effect was comparable with that of betamethasone, the positive control. The topical treatment of SIF-6 significantly reduced cytokine/chemokine upregulation by IMQ. The methoxylated isoflavone with dramatic anti-inflammatory activity is promising for the development of an antipsoriatic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Tseng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ibrahim A Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jhao-Rong Huang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sien-Hung Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feng Y, Chen S, Li Z, Gu Z, Xu S, Ban X, Hong Y, Cheng L, Li C. A review of controlled release from cyclodextrins: release methods, release systems and application. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34797201 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of guest molecules from cyclodextrin (CD) inclusion complexes is very important for specific industrial applications in foods, medicine, cosmetics, textiles, agriculture, environmental protection, and chemical materials. The term "controlled release" encompasses several related methods, including those referred to as immediate release, sustained release and targeted release. Many different CD-based controlled release systems are currently used in practical applications. CD inclusion complexes, CD coupling, supramolecular hydrogels, and supramolecular micelles are among the most common. This review systematically introduces the principles and applications of CD-based controlled release systems, providing a theoretical basis for improving the bioavailability of effective substances and broadening their range of application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangdi Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shude Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Mariculture of Ministry Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong VTR Bio-tech Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Esposito T, Mencherini T, Sansone F, Auriemma G, Gazzerro P, Puca RV, Iandoli R, Aquino RP. Development, Characterization, and Clinical Investigation of a New Topical Emulsion System Containing a Castanea sativa Spiny Burs Active Extract. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1634. [PMID: 34683927 PMCID: PMC8539921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study focused on the development and characterization of an O/W emulsion for skincare containing Castanea sativa spiny burs extract (CSE) as functional agent. The emulsion was stable and had suitable physicochemical and technological properties for dermal application and CSE showed no cytotoxicity in spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) at active concentrations. A single-blind, placebo-controlled, monocentric study was designed to evaluate the skin tolerability and the skin performance of the CSE-loaded emulsion on healthy human volunteers. An improvement was observed in skin biomechanical properties such as hydration, skin elasticity and a reduction in the periorbital wrinkles in 30 days without altering the skin barrier function, sebum, pH, and erythema values. A significant skin moisturizing effect was detected while the skin barrier function was preserved. The selected natural ingredient combined with the designed formulation and the optimized preparation method has led to a final product that satisfies the physico-chemical and technological requirements underlying the safety of use and the formulative stability over time. With no negative skin reactions and highly significant effects on skin elasticity, wrinkles, and moisturization, the CSE-based emulsion achieved very satisfying outcomes representing a promising functional formulation for skin care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
- Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- COSM-HI Lab,“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Teresa Mencherini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
- Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- COSM-HI Lab,“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Francesca Sansone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
- Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- COSM-HI Lab,“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Giulia Auriemma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
| | - Rosa Valentina Puca
- Dermatology and Dermosurgery, “San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (R.V.P.); (R.I.)
| | - Raffaele Iandoli
- Dermatology and Dermosurgery, “San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy; (R.V.P.); (R.I.)
| | - Rita Patrizia Aquino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (T.E.); (G.A.); (P.G.); (R.P.A.)
- Unesco Chair Salerno, Plantae Medicinales Mediterraneae, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- COSM-HI Lab,“San Giuseppe Moscati” National Hospital (AORN), Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pterostilbene Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Aging in Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101552. [PMID: 34679686 PMCID: PMC8533475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is the main indicator of air pollutants, and it may increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in keratinocytes, leading to skin inflammation, aging, and decreased moisturizing ability. Pterostilbene (PTS) is a dimethylated analog of resveratrol that has antioxidant effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of PTS in preventing PM-induced keratinocyte inflammation and aging have not been investigated yet. Therefore, we used PM-induced human keratinocytes to investigate the protective mechanisms of PTS. The results showed that 20 μM PTS had no toxicity to HaCaT keratinocytes and significantly reduced PM-induced intracellular ROS production. In addition, nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was inhibited by PTS, leading to reduced expression of its downstream CYP1A1. PTS further inhibited PM-induced MAPKs, inflammation (COX-2), and aging (MMP-9) protein cascades, and rescued moisturizing (AQP-3) protein expression. We analyzed the PTS content in cells at different time points and compared the concentration required for PTS to inhibit the target proteins. Finally, we used the skin penetration assay to show that the PTS essence mainly exists in the epidermal layer and did not enter the system circulation. In conclusion, PTS could protect HaCaT keratinocytes from PM-induced damage and has the potential to become a cosmetic ingredient.
Collapse
|
11
|
Baveloni FG, Riccio BVF, Di Filippo LD, Fernandes MA, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery Systems as Potential for Skin Application: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3216-3248. [PMID: 32867631 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200831125656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of substances through the skin represents a promising alternative, in relation to other drug administration routes, due to its large body surface area, in order to offer ideal and multiple sites for drug administration. In addition, the administration of drugs through the skin avoids the first-pass metabolism, allowing an increase in the bioavailability of drugs, as well as reducing their side effects. However, the stratum corneum (SC) comprises the main barrier of protection against external agents, mainly due to its structure, composition and physicochemical properties, becoming the main limitation for the administration of substances through the skin. In view of the above, pharmaceutical technology has allowed the development of multiple drug delivery systems (DDS), which include liquid crystals (LC), cubosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), nanoemulsions (NE), as well as cyclodextrins (CD) and dendrimers (DND). It appears that the DDS circumvents the problems of drug absorption through the SC layer of the skin, ensuring the release of the drug, as well as optimizing the therapeutic effect locally. This review aims to highlight the DDS that include LC, cubosomes, lipid systems, PNP, as well as CD and DND, to optimize topical skin therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Garcia Baveloni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vincenzo Fiod Riccio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Mariza Aires Fernandes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Sao Paulo State University, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau, km 01, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Natural compounds protect the skin from airborne particulate matter by attenuating oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111534. [PMID: 34311532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a common indirect indicator of air pollution and threatens public health upon prolonged exposure, leading to oxidative stress, increasing the risk of develop respiratory and cardiovascular, as well as several autoimmune diseases and cancer. Nowadays, as a first line defense against PM, skin health attracted much attention. Our review summarized the skin damage mechanism induced by PM, including damage skin barrier directly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, autophagy, and two canonical signaling pathways. Furthermore, ROS and oxidative stress have been considered pathogenesis centers, with essential skin damage roles. Extracts from plants and natural compounds which present high antioxidant capacity could be used to treat or protect against air pollution-related skin damage. We conclude the extracts reported in recent studies with protective effects on PM-mediated skin damage. Besides, the mechanism of extracts' positive effects has been revealed partially.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tzeng WS, Teng WL, Huang PH, Lin TC, Yen FL, Shiue YL. Pterostilbene Nanoparticles Downregulate Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Hepatoma Cells Under Hypoxic Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:867-879. [PMID: 33574667 PMCID: PMC7873716 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s282172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common clinical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, hypoxia induction after treatment might trigger tumor invasiveness and metastasis. Although pterostilbene (PTS) has antitumor effects, its chemoprevention in HepG2 cells under hypoxia has not been investigated yet. In addition, the poor water solubility of raw PTS limits its clinical application. Here, we prepared nanoparticles of PTS (PSN) and compared their antihepatoma activities with those of raw PTS in HepG2 under hypoxic conditions. Materials and Methods The PTS nanoparticle formulation was prepared by nanoprecipitation, using Eudragit® e100 (EE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as carriers. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of raw PTS and PSN, including yield, encapsulation efficiency, water-solubility, particle size, morphology, crystalline-to-amorphous transformation, and molecular interaction between PTS and carriers. We also evaluated their antihepatoma activities under hypoxia treatment in HepG2 cells, including cell viability, hypoxia, and apoptosis. Results The yield and encapsulation efficiency of PSN were 86.33% and >99%, respectively. The water solubility and drug release of PTS were effectively improved after nanoprecipitation corresponding to the reduction in particle size, amorphous transformation, and formation of hydrogen bonding with carriers. PSN had a better cytotoxic effect than raw PTS in HepG2 under pre- and post-hypoxia conditions. In addition, hypoxia- and apoptosis-related proteins in HepG2 cells under two different hypoxic conditions were significantly inhibited by PSN compared with the control group with hypoxia only, except for HIF-1α in the post-hypoxia group. PSN was also significantly better in inhibiting these proteins, except for Bcl2, under pre-hypoxic conditions. Conclusion Our results suggested that PSN could improve the water solubility and drug release of PTS and enhance the efficacy of HCC treatment under hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Tzeng
- Department of Radiology, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Teng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Hsien Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kan HL, Wang CC, Cheng YH, Yang CL, Chang HS, Chen IS, Lin YC. Cinnamtannin B1 attenuates rosacea-like signs via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and down-regulation of the MAPK pathway. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10548. [PMID: 33391878 PMCID: PMC7759128 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rosacea is a common inflammatory disease of facial skin. Dysregulation of innate immunity with enhanced inflammation and increased abundance of LL-37 at the epidermal site is a characteristic feature of rosacea. Cinnamtannin B1 (CB1) is a condensed tannin with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. The aims of the study were to evaluate the potential of CB1 as a therapy for rosacea and to characterize the potential mechanisms of action. Methods We intraperitoneally administered 20 mg/kg CB1 once daily for 2 days into the LL-37-induced mouse model of rosacea. The effects of CB1 in vivo were evaluated by the observations of lesions, histology, immunohistochemistry, and the transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human keratinocyte HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 were used to characterize the effects of CB1 on LL-37-induced inflammation in vitro. The changes in pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expressions of genes involved were determined by Western blotting. Results CB1 attenuated local redness, inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment in the mouse model of rosacea in vivo. CB1 suppressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) production, a functional homolog of interleukin-8 (IL-8), at the lesions. In vitro experiments confirmed that CB1 reversed the LL-37-induced IL-8 production in human keratinocytes HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 cells. CB1 inhibited IL-8 production through downregulating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Conclusion CB1 attenuated LL-37-induced inflammation, specifically IL-8 production, through inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. CB1 has potential as a treatment for rosacea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Lin Kan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Cheng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lung Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Sheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dijkhoff IM, Drasler B, Karakocak BB, Petri-Fink A, Valacchi G, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Impact of airborne particulate matter on skin: a systematic review from epidemiology to in vitro studies. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 32711561 PMCID: PMC7382801 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is killing close to 5 million people a year, and harming billions more. Air pollution levels remain extremely high in many parts of the world, and air pollution-associated premature deaths have been reported for urbanized areas, particularly linked to the presence of airborne nano-sized and ultrafine particles. MAIN TEXT To date, most of the research studies did focus on the adverse effects of air pollution on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Although the skin is in direct contact with air pollutants, their damaging effects on the skin are still under investigation. Epidemiological data suggested a correlation between exposure to air pollutants and aggravation of symptoms of chronic immunological skin diseases. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand the current knowledge on the effects of airborne particulate matter on human skin. It aims at providing a deeper understanding of the interactions between air pollutants and skin to further assess their potential risks for human health. CONCLUSION Particulate matter was shown to induce a skin barrier dysfunction and provoke the formation of reactive oxygen species through direct and indirect mechanisms, leading to oxidative stress and induced activation of the inflammatory cascade in human skin. Moreover, a positive correlation was reported between extrinsic aging and atopic eczema relative risk with increasing particulate matter exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irini M Dijkhoff
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bedia Begum Karakocak
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences, PHHI NCRC, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | | | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|