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Tripathi D, B H MP, Sahoo J, Kumari J. Navigating the Solution to Drug Formulation Problems at Research and Development Stages by Amorphous Solid Dispersion Technology. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:79-99. [PMID: 38062659 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878271641231201065151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) have indeed revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in drug solubility enhancement. The amorphous state of a drug, which is a highenergy metastable state, can lead to an increase in the apparent solubility of the drug. This is due to the absence of a long-range molecular order, which results in higher molecular mobility and free volume, and consequently, higher solubility. The success of ASD preparation depends on the selection of appropriate excipients, particularly polymers that play a crucial role in drug solubility and physical stability. However, ASDs face challenges due to their thermodynamic instability or tendency to recrystallize. Measuring the crystallinity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and drug solubility is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of drug-polymer miscibility and molecular interactions. Therefore, it is important to monitor drug solids closely during preparation, storage, and application. Techniques such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy have been successful in understanding the mechanism of drug crystallization. In addition, the continuous downstream processing of drug-loaded ASDs has introduced new automated methods for consistent ASD production. Advanced techniques such as hot melt extrusion, KinetiSol, electro spraying, and electrospinning have gained popularity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) for oral drug delivery. It highlights the critical challenges faced during formulation, the impact of manufacturing variables, theoretical aspects of drug-polymer interaction, and factors related to drug-polymer miscibility. ASDs have been recognized as a promising strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the successful development of an ASD-based drug product is not straightforward due to the complexity of the ASD systems. The formulation and process parameters can significantly influence the performance of the final product. Understanding the interactions between the drug and polymer in ASDs is crucial for predicting their stability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Tripathi
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
| | - Manjunatha Prabhu B H
- Department of Food Protection and Infestation Control, CSIR-CFTRI, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Jagannath Sahoo
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NIMMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
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2
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Thompson SA, Gala U, Davis DA, Kucera S, Miller D, Williams RO. Can the Oral Bioavailability of the Discontinued Prostate Cancer Drug Galeterone Be Improved by Processing Method? KinetiSol® Outperforms Spray Drying in a Head-to-head Comparison. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:137. [PMID: 37344629 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Galeterone, a novel prostate cancer candidate treatment, was discontinued after a Phase III clinical trial due to lack of efficacy. Galeterone is weakly basic and exhibits low solubility in biorelevant media (i.e., ~ 2 µg/mL in fasted simulated intestinal fluid). It was formulated as a 50-50 (w/w) galeterone-hypromellose acetate succinate spray-dried dispersion to increase its bioavailability. Despite this increase, the bioavailability of this formulation may have been insufficient and contributed to its clinical failure. We hypothesized that reformulating galeterone as an amorphous solid dispersion by KinetiSol® compounding could increase its bioavailability. In this study, we examined the effects of composition and manufacturing technology (Kinetisol and spray drying) on the performance of galeterone amorphous solid dispersions. KinetiSol compounding was utilized to create galeterone amorphous solid dispersions containing the complexing agent hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or hypromellose acetate succinate with lower drug loads that both achieved a ~ 6 × increase in dissolution performance versus the 50-50 spray-dried dispersion. When compared to a spray-dried dispersion with an equivalent drug load, the KinetiSol amorphous solid dispersions formulations exhibited ~ 2 × exposure in an in vivo rat study. Acid-base surface energy analysis showed that the equivalent composition of the KinetiSol amorphous solid dispersion formulation better protected the weakly basic galeterone from premature dissolution in acidic media and thereby reduced precipitation, inhibited recrystallization, and extended the extent of supersaturation during transit into neutral intestinal media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Thompson
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 W. University Ave. PHR 4.214, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
| | - Urvi Gala
- AustinPx, LLC. 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Daniel A Davis
- AustinPx, LLC. 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Sandra Kucera
- AustinPx, LLC. 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Dave Miller
- AustinPx, LLC. 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, 2409 W. University Ave. PHR 4.214, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Small-Molecule Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted Abiraterone Conjugate. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248795. [PMID: 36557929 PMCID: PMC9783881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer among men. The main method of its treatment is androgen deprivation therapy, which has a wide range of side effects. One of the solutions to this challenge is the targeted delivery of drugs to prostate cancer cells. In this study, we performed the synthesis of a novel small-molecule PSMA-targeted conjugate based on abiraterone. Cytotoxicity, the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and P450-cytochrome species inhibition were investigated for this conjugate PSMA-abiraterone. The conjugate demonstrated a preferential effect on prostate tumor cells, remaining inactive at up to 100 µM in human fibroblast cells. In addition, it revealed preferential efficacy, specifically on PSMA-expressing lines with a 65% tumor growth inhibition level on 22Rv1 (PSMA+) xenografts after 14-fold oral administration of PSMA-Abi at a single dose of 500 mg/kg (7.0 g/kg total dose) was observed. This compound showed significantly reduced acute toxicity with comparable efficacy compared to AbiAc.
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Nambiar AG, Singh M, Mali AR, Serrano DR, Kumar R, Healy AM, Agrawal AK, Kumar D. Continuous Manufacturing and Molecular Modeling of Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:249. [PMID: 36056225 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions enhance solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The escalating number of drugs with poor aqueous solubility, poor dissolution, and poor oral bioavailability is an unresolved problem that requires adequate interventions. This review article highlights recent solubility and bioavailability enhancement advances using amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The review also highlights the mechanism of enhanced dissolution and the challenges faced by ASD-based products, such as stability and scale-up. The role of process analytical technology (PAT) supporting continuous manufacturing is highlighted. Accurately predicting interactions between the drug and polymeric carrier requires long experimental screening methods, and this is a space where computational tools hold significant potential. Recent advancements in data science, computational tools, and easy access to high-end computation power are set to accelerate ASD-based research. Hence, particular emphasis has been given to molecular modeling techniques that can address some of the unsolved questions related to ASDs. With the advancement in PAT tools and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing interest in the continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. ASDs are a suitable option for continuous manufacturing, as production of a drug product from an ASD by direct compression is a reality, where the addition of multiple excipients is easy to avoid. Significant attention is necessary for ongoing clinical studies based on ASDs, which is paving the way for the approval of many new ASDs and their introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha G Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek R Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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5
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Melt Fusion Techniques for Solubility Enhancement: A Comparison of Hot Melt Extrusion and KinetiSol® Technologies. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful candidate for oral drug delivery needs to possess adequate solubility and dissolution rate to elicit its therapeutic action. Extensive research is being carried out to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs through a number of techniques involving polymeric and non-polymeric approaches. Non-polymeric approaches such as micronization and nanocrystals are successful in improving the apparent solubility of drugs, but the sustenance of solubility is not always possible. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) lead to solubility enhancement as well as the maintenance of solubility with the assistance of polymers, thereby improving bioavailability. Spray drying, hot melt extrusion (HME), and KinetiSol® technologies are some of the techniques capable of manufacturing ASDs. Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of processing challenges and applicability in preparing ASDs. The latter two technologies are similar in being fusion and non-solvent techniques to improve solubility. This review compares both HME and KinetiSol® techniques regarding mechanism, equipment design, formulation, and process parameters involved and scalability.
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Keranmu A, Yang FY, Wahafu W, Han SJ, Yang GS, Xing NZ. Biotransformation of Abiraterone Into Five Characteristic Metabolites by the Rat Gut Microbiota and Liver Microsomes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:890323. [PMID: 35936674 PMCID: PMC9354843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.890323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the role of gut microbiota in drug metabolism, especially in oral difficult absorbable drugs. Understanding the gut microbiota could enable us to understand drugs in new ways. The purpose of the study was to investigate explore the metabolites of the anti-prostate cancer drug Abiraterone by examining gut microbiota metabolism and hepatic metabolism in vitro. In this study, five metabolites (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5) of Abiraterone were discovered using LC/MSn-IT-TOF. Four isomeric metabolites M1-M4 were found in liver microsome. M5 was found in the intestinal contents of Sprague-Dawley rats with a molecular weight of 388.31. Among them, M4 was found to be Abiraterone N-Oxide by comparison with the standard sample. After further comparing the metabolic behavior of Abiraterone in rat gut microbiota and liver microsomes, we delineated the possible metabolic pathways of Abiraterone. In conclusion, Abiraterone is metabolized specifically in liver microsomes and gut microbiota. This study can provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the metabolic mechanism of Abiraterone and guide its rational application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adili Keranmu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wasilijiang Wahafu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian-Zeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Nian-Zeng Xing,
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7
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Liu Y, Li Y, Xu P, Shen Y, Tang B, Wang Q. Development of Abiraterone Acetate Nanocrystal Tablets to Enhance Oral Bioavailability: Formulation Optimization, Characterization, In Vitro Dissolution and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061134. [PMID: 35745707 PMCID: PMC9228621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate is a prodrug of abiraterone used in combination with prednisone as a standard therapeutic strategy for hormone-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Due to the poor solubility and permeability, the release and absorption of abiraterone acetate are low and reduce its bioavailability. In this project, abiraterone acetate tablets prepared using nanocrystal technology were developed to overcome the drawbacks of normal tablets by enhancing in vitro dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. The abiraterone acetate nanocrystal suspensions were prepared by top-down wet milling method using a planetary ball mill with the mixture of Poloxamer 407 and Poloxamer 188 as the optimized stabilizer at a ratio of 7:1. The optimized nanocrystals were freeze-dried and characterized using DLS, TEM, DSC, and XRD. The abiraterone acetate nanocrystal tablets significantly improve the in vitro dissolution rate of abiraterone acetate compared to raw materials. Although exhibiting a similar dissolution rate compared to the Zytiga® tablets, the nanocrystal tablets significantly improve the oral bioavailability with Cmax and AUC0–t being 3.51-fold and 2.80-fold higher, respectively, in the pharmacokinetic study. The present data indicate that nanocrystal is a promising strategy for improving the dissolution and bioavailability of abiraterone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfen Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing 211800, China;
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China;
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Baoqiang Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
- Shenzhen Aoqi Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 010110, China
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (Q.W.)
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8
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Beg S, Malik AK, Ansari MJ, Malik AA, Ali AMA, Theyab A, Algahtani M, Almalki WH, Alharbi KS, Alenezi SK, Barkat MA, Rahman M, Choudhry H. Systematic Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Abiraterone Acetate with Improved Oral Bioavailability and Anticancer Activity for Prostate Carcinoma Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16968-16979. [PMID: 35647451 PMCID: PMC9134222 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, an attempt was undertaken to improve the oral bioavailability and anticancer activity of abiraterone acetate. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed using the quality by design (QbD) principles and evaluated through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies. Solid lipid suitability was evaluated by equilibrium solubility study, while surfactant and cosurfactant were screened based on the ability to form microemulsion with the selected lipid. SLNs were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method using glyceryl monostearate, Tween 80, and Poloxamer 407 as the solid lipid, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. Box-Behnken design was applied for optimization of material attributes and evaluating their impact on particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of the SLNs. In vitro drug release study was evaluated in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Cell culture studies on PC-3 cells were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the drug-loaded SLNs in comparison to the free drug suspension. Qualitative uptake was evaluated for Rhodamine B-loaded SLNs and compared with free dye solution. Ex vivo permeability was evaluated on Wistar rat intestine and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation on Wistar rats for SLNs and free drug suspension. Concisely, the SLNs showed potential for significant improvement in the biopharmaceutical performance of the selected drug candidate over the existing formulations of abiraterone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Nanomedicine Research Lab, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankit K. Malik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Nanomedicine Research Lab, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asrar A. Malik
- School
of Basic Sciences and Research, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelhaleem Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces
Hospital, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces
Hospital, Mecca 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Alharbi
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf
University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sattam K. Alenezi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 52222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Abul Barkat
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Hafr, Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied
Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad 211007, India
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department
of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of
Science, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Jiang T, Han L, Lu E, He W, Du S, Sha X. Design and Characterization of HY-038 Solid Dispersions via Spray Drying Technology: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:267. [PMID: 34750638 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare HY-038 solid dispersions (SDs) with single carrier at high drug loading and then forming a tablet to enhance solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability via spray drying technology. At the same time, we hope to develop a more convenient in vitro method to predict the absorption behavior of different formulations in vivo. Different solid dispersions, varying in drug/polymer ratios, were prepared. Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction were used to perform solid-state characterizations of the pure drug and SDs. Contact angle of water, dissolution in pH = 6.8 phosphate buffer, and in vivo absorption in dogs were studied. As a result, solid-state characterization demonstrated the transformation of the crystalline HY-038 to an amorphous state in the solid dispersions, and the in vivo exposure followed with the trend of the dissolution curve combined with contact angle. Compared with the prototype formulation, the Cmax and AUC0-∞ of optimized formulation SD2 (HY-038-HPMCAS 3:1) increased by about 5 ~ 9 times at the same dose. More importantly, the SD2 formulation showed approximately linear increases in Cmax and AUC0-∞ as the dose increased from 50 to 100 mg, while the prototype formulation reached absorption saturation at 50 mg. SD2 (HY-038-HPMCAS 3:1) was selected as the best formulation for the downstream development.
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Borde S, Paul SK, Chauhan H. Ternary solid dispersions: classification and formulation considerations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1011-1028. [PMID: 33818224 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of active pharmaceutical compounds from the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) belonging to Class II and IV have significantly increased in recent years. These compounds have high therapeutic potential but are difficult to formulate as oral dosage forms due to their poor aqueous solubility. The solubility and bioavailability of these poorly water-soluble compounds can be increased by various formulation approaches, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASD), salt formation, complexations, etc. Out of these techniques, the ASD approach, where compounds are converted into amorphous form and embedded in the hydrophilic matrix, have been successfully used in many marketed preparations. The recent advancement of this ASD approach is the design of ternary solid dispersions (TSD), where an additional component is added to further improve their performance in terms of solubility, stability, and processability. This review discusses the classification, mechanism of performance improvement, preparation techniques, and characterizations for TSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Borde
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sagar Kumar Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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11
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Thakkar R, Jara MO, Swinnea S, Pillai AR, Maniruzzaman M. Impact of Laser Speed and Drug Particle Size on Selective Laser Sintering 3D Printing of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1149. [PMID: 34452109 PMCID: PMC8400191 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research demonstrates the influence of laser speed and the drug particle size on the manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) and dosage forms thereof using selective laser sintering 3-dimensional (3D) printing. One-step manufacturing of ASD is possible using selective laser sintering 3D printing processes, however, the mechanism of ASD formation by this process is not completely understood and it requires further investigation. We hypothesize that the mechanism of ASD formation is the diffusion and dissolution of the drug in the polymeric carrier during the selective laser sintering (SLS) process and the drug particle size plays a critical role in the formation of said ASDs as there is no mixing involved in the sintering process. Herein, indomethacin was used as a model drug and introduced into the feedstock (Kollidon® VA64 and Candurin® blend) as either unprocessed drug crystals (particle size > 50 µm) or processed hot-melt extruded granules (DosePlus) with reduced drug particle size (<5 µm). These feedstocks were processed at 50, 75, and 100 mm/s scan speed using SLS 3D printing process. Characterization and performance testing were conducted on these tablets which revealed the amorphous conversion of the drug. Both MANOVA and ANOVA analyses depicted that the laser speed and drug particle size significantly impact the drug's apparent solubility and drug release. This significant difference in performance between formulations is attributed to the difference in the extent of dissolution of the drug in the polymeric matrix, leading to residual crystallinity, which is detrimental to ASD's performance. These results demonstrate the influence of drug particle size on solid-state and performance of 3D printed solid dispersions, and, hence, provide a better understanding of the mechanism and limitations of SLS 3D printing of ASDs and its dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Thakkar
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.T.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Miguel O. Jara
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Steve Swinnea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Amit R. Pillai
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.T.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Pharmaceutical Engineering and 3D Printing (PharmE3D) Lab, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (R.T.); (A.R.P.)
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12
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Thompson SA, Williams RO. Specific mechanical energy - An essential parameter in the processing of amorphous solid dispersions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:374-393. [PMID: 33781785 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific mechanical energy (SME) is a frequently overlooked but essential parameter of hot-melt extrusion (HME). It can determine whether an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) can be successfully processed. A minimum combination of thermal input and SME is required to convert a crystalline active pharmaceutical product (API) into its amorphous form. A maximum combination is allowed before it or the carrier polymer chemically degrades. This has important implications on design space. SME input during HME provides information on the totality of the effect of various independent processing parameters such as screw speed, feed rate, and complex viscosity. If only these independent processing parameters are considered separately instead of SME, then important information would be lost regarding the interaction of these parameters and their ability to affect ASD formulation. A complete understanding of the HME process requires an analysis of SME. This paper provides a review of SME use in the pharmaceutical processing of ASDs, the importance of SME in terms of a variety of formulation qualities, and novel future uses of SME. Theoretical background is discussed, along with the relative importance of thermal and mechanical input on various nonsolvent ASD processing methods.
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Gala UH, Miller DA, Su Y, Spangenberg A, Williams ROB. The effect of drug loading on the properties of abiraterone-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin solid dispersions processed by solvent free KinetiSol® technology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:52-65. [PMID: 33979662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abiraterone is a poorly water-soluble drug used in the treatment of prostate cancer. In our previous study, we reported that KinetiSol® processed solid dispersions (KSDs) based on hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) showed improved dissolution and pharmacokinetics of abiraterone. However, the nature of abiraterone-HPBCD interaction within the KSDs or the effect of drug loading on the physicochemical properties and in vivo performance of HPBCD-based KSDs remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that KinetiSol technology can prepare abiraterone-HPBCD complexes within KSDs and that increasing the drug loading beyond an optimal point reduces the in vitro and in vivo performance of these KSDs. To confirm our hypothesis, we developed KSDs with 10-50% w/w drug loading and analyzed them using X-ray diffractometry and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. We found that KSDs containing 10-30% drug were amorphous. Interestingly, two-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the abiraterone-HPBCD complexes were formed. At elevated temperatures, the 10% and 20% drug-loaded KSDs were physically stable, while the 30% drug-loaded KSD showed recrystallization of abiraterone. In vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetic performances improved as the drug loading decreased; we attribute this to increased noncovalent interactions between abiraterone and HPBCD at lower drug loadings. Overall, the 10% drug loaded KSD showed a dissolution enhancement of 15.7-fold compared to crystalline abiraterone, and bioavailability enhancement of 3.9-fold compared to the commercial abiraterone acetate tablet Zytiga®. This study is first to confirm that KinetiSol, a high-energy, solvent-free technology, is capable of forming abiraterone-HPBCD complexes. Furthermore, in terms of in vitro and in vivo performance, a 10% drug load is optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi H Gala
- DisperSol Technologies LLC, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Building 3, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, United States.
| | - Dave A Miller
- DisperSol Technologies LLC, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Building 3, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, United States.
| | - Yongchao Su
- Merck & Co. Inc., 90 E Scott Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States.
| | - Angela Spangenberg
- DisperSol Technologies LLC, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Building 3, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, United States.
| | - Robert O Bill Williams
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, 2409 West University Avenue, PHR 4.214, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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Yin HF, Yin CM, Ouyang T, Sun SD, Chen WG, Yang XL, He X, Zhang CF. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Genkwanin: A Novel Approach for Anti-Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:557-576. [PMID: 33603345 PMCID: PMC7886095 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s292417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to develop an optimized Genkwanin (GKA)-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) formulation to enhance the solubility, intestinal permeability, oral bioavailability and anti-colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) activity of GKA. METHODS We designed a SNEDDS comprised oil phase, surfactants and co-surfactants for oral administration of GKA, the best of which were selected by investigating the saturation solubility, constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, followed by optimizing thermodynamic stability, emulsification efficacy, self-nanoemulsification time, droplet size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), drug release and intestinal permeability. In addition, the physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics of GKA-SNEDDS were characterized, and its anti-colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) activity and potential mechanisms were evaluated in AOM/DSS-induced C57BL/6J mice model. RESULTS The optimized nanoemulsion formula (OF) consists of Maisine CC, Labrasol ALF and Transcutol HP in a weight ratio of 20:60:20 (w/w/w), in which ratio the OF shows multiple improvements, specifically small mean droplet size, excellent stability, fast release properties as well as enhanced solubility and permeability. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that compared with GKA suspension, the relative bioavailability of GKA-SNEDDS was increased by 353.28%. Moreover, GKA-SNEDDS not only significantly prevents weight loss and improves disease activity index (DAI) but also reduces the histological scores of inflammatory cytokine levels as well as inhibiting the formation of colon tumors via inducing tumor cell apoptosis in the AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice model. CONCLUSION Our results show that the developed GKA-SNEDDS exhibited enhanced oral bioavailability and excellent anti-CAC efficacy. In summary, GKA-SNEDDS, using lipid nanoparticles as the drug delivery carrier, can be applied as a potential drug delivery system for improving the clinical application of GKA.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Colitis/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Daphne/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Compounding
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Emulsions
- Flavones/administration & dosage
- Flavones/chemistry
- Flavones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Structure
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Solubility
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Feng Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi QingFeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ming Yin
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- School of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ding Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guo Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Hanada M, Jermain SV, Thompson SA, Furuta H, Fukuda M, Williams RO. Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing a High-Viscosity Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Enhance Dissolution Performance†. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:198-213. [PMID: 33291881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a ternary amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) that was designed as an immediate-release tablet with a high drug load (e.g., 40% w/w) to produce heightened maintenance of drug supersaturation during dissolution testing, which will be henceforth referred to as the "maintenance ability". Ternary ASD granules were produced by hot melt extrusion (HME) and were comprised of itraconazole (ITZ) 50%, hypromellose (HPMC) 20%, and mesoporous silica (XDP) 30%, where amorphous ITZ incorporated into HPMC was efficiently absorbed in XDP pores. The ternary ASD granules containing a high-viscosity HPMC (AF4M) produced a significantly heightened maintenance ability of drug supersaturation in neutral pH dissolution media in which crystalline ITZ solubility is below 1 μg/mL. The final tablet formulation contained 80% w/w of the ASD granules (40% w/w ITZ), had an acceptable size, and exhibited both sufficient tablet hardness and disintegration. The dissolution behavior of the ternary ASD tablet exhibited a supersaturation maintenance ability similar to that of the ASD granules. Under neutral conditions, the ternary ASD tablet showed immediate and higher ITZ release compared with the binary ASD tablets, and this phenomenon could be explained by the difference in ITZ/AF4M particle size in the tablet. In high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that ITZ and AF4M in the ternary formulation could easily form nano-sized particles (<1 μm) during the absorption process into/onto XDP pores prepared by HME, which contributed to the immediate ITZ release from the ternary ASD tablet under neutral pH conditions. Therefore, the ternary ASD containing high-viscosity HPMC and mesoporous silica prepared by HME made it possible to design a high ASD content, small-size tablet with an ideal dissolution profile in biorelevant media, and we expect that this technology can be applied for continuous HME ASD manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Hanada
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Scott V Jermain
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Formulation and Process Development, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephen A Thompson
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hirosuke Furuta
- CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fukuda
- CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Davis DA, Thakkar R, Su Y, Williams RO, Maniruzzaman M. Selective Laser Sintering 3-Dimensional Printing as a Single Step Process to Prepare Amorphous Solid Dispersion Dosage Forms for Improved Solubility and Dissolution Rate. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1432-1443. [PMID: 33227241 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of ritonavir-copovidone amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and dosage forms thereof using selective laser sintering (SLS) 3-dimensional (3-D) printing in a single step, circumventing the post-processing steps required in common techniques employed to make ASDs. For this study, different drug loads of ritonavir with copovidone were processed at varying processing conditions to understand the impact, range, and correlation of these parameters for successful ASD formation. Further, ASDs characterized using conventional and advanced solid-state techniques including wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), revealed the full conversion of the crystalline drug to its amorphous form as a function of laser-assisted selective fusion in a layer-by-layer manner. It was observed that an optimum combination of the powder flow properties, surface temperature, chamber temperature, laser speed, and hatch spacing was crucial for successful ASD formation, any deviations resulted in print failures or only partial amorphous conversion. Moreover, a 21-fold increase in solubility was demonstrated by the SLS 3-D printed tablets. The results confirmed that SLS 3-D printing can be used as a single-step platform for creating ASD-based pharmaceutical dosage forms with a solubility advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Davis
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Rishi Thakkar
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yongchao Su
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, Inc, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mohammed Maniruzzaman
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Physical formulation approaches for improving aqueous solubility and bioavailability of ellagic acid: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 159:198-210. [PMID: 33197529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic active compound with antimalarial and other promising therapeutic activities. However, its solubility and its permeability are both low (BCS IV). These properties greatly compromise its oral bioavailability and clinical utilizations. To overcome these limitations of the physicochemical parameters, several formulation approaches, including particle size reduction, amorphization and lipid-based formulations, have been used. Although these strategies have not yet led to a clinical application, some of them have resulted in significant improvements in the solubility and bioavailability of EA. This critical review reports and analyses the different formulation approaches used by scientists to improve both the biopharmaceutical properties and the clinical use of EA.
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18
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Davis DA, Miller DA, Su Y, Williams RO. Thermally Conductive Excipient Expands KinetiSol® Processing Capabilities. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:319. [PMID: 33179174 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that incorporation of a thermally conductive excipient (TCE) modifies the thermal conductivity of the ternary drug-polymer-TCE compositions such that high-energy mixing can occur for prolonged periods at a selected steady-state temperature during the KinetiSol process. In this study, candurin, a TCE, is incorporated within a composition that is processed by high-energy mixing from the KinetiSol process to increase the thermal conductivity of the ternary composition. The improved thermal conductivity promotes heat transfer and enables the high-energy mixing applied during the KinetiSol process to be continued for prolonged time intervals at a selected steady-state temperature, instead of undergoing a continued increase in temperature when the TCE is not present in the composition. The addition of candurin does not impact the molecular structure and mixing of the drug and polymer in ASDs from solid-state NMR characterizations. Compositions with candurin achieved a steady-state processing temperature with + 5°C of the target temperature, and these compositions demonstrated the ability to mix for prolonged time periods while maintaining within this steady-state temperature range, thus enabling the formation of an ASD at a temperature that the drug does not chemically degrade. This study demonstrated that inclusion of the TCE modified the composition's thermal conductivity to efficiently dissipate heat to achieve a selected steady-state temperature during the KinetiSol process, thus providing prolonged mixing times at a lower temperature for dissolving the drug into the polymer to achieve an ASD without sacrificing product performance.
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19
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Tan DK, Davis DA, Miller DA, Williams RO, Nokhodchi A. Innovations in Thermal Processing: Hot-Melt Extrusion and KinetiSol® Dispersing. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:312. [PMID: 33161479 PMCID: PMC7649167 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal processing has gained much interest in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly for the enhancement of solubility, bioavailability, and dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with poor aqueous solubility. Formulation scientists have developed various techniques which may include physical and chemical modifications to achieve solubility enhancement. One of the most commonly used methods for solubility enhancement is through the use of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Examples of commercialized ASDs include Kaletra®, Kalydeco®, and Onmel®. Various technologies produce ASDs; some of the approaches, such as spray-drying, solvent evaporation, and lyophilization, involve the use of solvents, whereas thermal approaches often do not require solvents. Processes that do not require solvents are usually preferred, as some solvents may induce toxicity due to residual solvents and are often considered to be damaging to the environment. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on recent innovations reported for using hot-melt extrusion and KinetiSol® Dispersing technologies to formulate poorly water-soluble APIs in amorphous solid dispersions. We will address development challenges for poorly water-soluble APIs and how these two processes meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deck Khong Tan
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Daniel A Davis
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Dave A Miller
- DisperSol Technologies, LLC, 111 W. Cooperative Way, Building 3, Suite 300, Georgetown, Texas, 78626, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Arundel Building, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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20
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Tomar D, Singh PK, Hoque S, Modani S, Sriram A, Kumar R, Madan J, Khatri D, Dua K. Amorphous systems for delivery of nutraceuticals: challenges opportunities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1204-1221. [PMID: 33103462 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1836607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid products have recently gained a lot of attention as key solutions to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble nutraceuticals. A pure amorphous drug is a high-energy form; physically/chemically unstable and so easily gets recrystallized into the less soluble crystalline form limiting solubility and bioavailability issues. Amorphous solid dispersion and co-amorphous are new formulation approach that stabilized unstable amorphous form through different mechanisms such as preventing mobility, high glass transition temperature and molecular interaction. Nutraceuticals have been received the utmost importance due to their health benefits. However, most of these compounds have been associated with poor oral bioavailability due to poor solubility, high lipophilicity, high melting point, poor permeability, degradability and rapid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) which limits its health benefits. This review provides us a systematic application of amorphous systems to the delivery of poorly soluble nutraceuticals, with the aim of overcoming their pharmacokinetic limitations and improved pharmacological potential. In particular, it describes the challenges associated with delivery of oral nutraceuticals, various methods involved in the preparation and characterization of amorphous systems and permeability enhancement of nutraceuticals are in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendrasingh Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sajidul Hoque
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sheela Modani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Anitha Sriram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health (GSH), The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
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