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Pedersen SHF. Acid-base transporters in the context of tumor heterogeneity. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:689-701. [PMID: 38332178 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The copious metabolic acid production and -extrusion by cancer cells render poorly vascularized regions of solid tumors highly acidic. A growing list of proton - and bicarbonate transporters has been suggested to contribute to net acid extrusion from cancer cells, and/or been shown to be dysregulated and favor malignant development in various cancers. The great majority of these roles have been studied at the level of the cancer cells. However, recent advances in understanding of the cellular and physicochemical heterogeneity of solid tumors both enable and necessitate a reexamination of the regulation and roles of acid-base transporters in such malignancies. This review will briefly summarize the state-of-the-art, with a focus on the SLC9A and SLC4A families, for which most evidence is available. This is followed by a discussion of key concepts and open questions arising from recent insights and of the challenges that need to be tackled to address them. Finally, opportunities and challenges in therapeutic targeting of the acid-base transportome in cancers will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Helene Falsig Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Holmberg SR, Sakamoto Y, Kato A, Romero MF. The role of Na +-coupled bicarbonate transporters (NCBT) in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:479-503. [PMID: 38536494 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cellular and organism survival depends upon the regulation of pH, which is regulated by highly specialized cell membrane transporters, the solute carriers (SLC) (For a comprehensive list of the solute carrier family members, see: https://www.bioparadigms.org/slc/ ). The SLC4 family of bicarbonate (HCO3-) transporters consists of ten members, sorted by their coupling to either sodium (NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NBCn2, NDCBE), chloride (AE1, AE2, AE3), or borate (BTR1). The ionic coupling of SLC4A9 (AE4) remains controversial. These SLC4 bicarbonate transporters may be controlled by cellular ionic gradients, cellular membrane voltage, and signaling molecules to maintain critical cellular and systemic pH (acid-base) balance. There are profound consequences when blood pH deviates even a small amount outside the normal range (7.35-7.45). Chiefly, Na+-coupled bicarbonate transporters (NCBT) control intracellular pH in nearly every living cell, maintaining the biological pH required for life. Additionally, NCBTs have important roles to regulate cell volume and maintain salt balance as well as absorption and secretion of acid-base equivalents. Due to their varied tissue expression, NCBTs have roles in pathophysiology, which become apparent in physiologic responses when their expression is reduced or genetically deleted. Variations in physiological pH are seen in a wide variety of conditions, from canonically acid-base related conditions to pathologies not necessarily associated with acid-base dysfunction such as cancer, glaucoma, or various neurological diseases. The membranous location of the SLC4 transporters as well as recent advances in discovering their structural biology makes them accessible and attractive as a druggable target in a disease context. The role of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters in such a large array of conditions illustrates the potential of treating a wide range of disease states by modifying function of these transporters, whether that be through inhibition or enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Holmberg
- Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yohei Sakamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Michael F Romero
- Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine & Science, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:78. [PMID: 38258089 PMCID: PMC10820580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on recently identified modulatory signaling components that regulate the expression and activity of bicarbonate transporters. Moreover, we addressed recent advances in our understanding of cooperative systems of bicarbonate transporters and channelopathies. This current review aims to provide a new, in-depth understanding of numerous human diseases associated with the dysfunction of bicarbonate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Trafficking of carbonic anhydrase 12 and bicarbonate transporters by histamine stimulation mediates intracellular acidic scenario in lung cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2247181. [PMID: 37587861 PMCID: PMC10438860 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2247181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase 12 is considered an oncogenic and acidic microenvironmental factor in cancer cells. To verify the role of histamine signalling as an anti-cancer signal, we determined the roles of CA12 and its associated bicarbonate transporters. In this study, histamine stimulation mediated mislocalization of CA12 in lung cancer cells. Histamine receptor activation-mediated CA12 endocytosis and pH were restored by CaMKII inhibition. CA12-associated AE2 expression was enhanced, whereas NBCn1 expression and its activity were reduced by histamine stimulation. Histamine receptor activation-mediated acidification was induced by internalised CA12 and NBCn1 and, at the same time by increased bicarbonate efflux through enhanced AE2 expression. Inhibition of protein trafficking by bafilomycin restored CA12 and AE2 localisation and diminished cellular acidosis. Thus, we verified that histamine stimulation induced an acidic scenario, which revealed trafficking of CA12 and its associated bicarbonate transporters in lung cancer cells and its dysregulated pH modulation may be involved in the histamine signalling-mediated anti-cancer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong jae Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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Lee D, Hong JH. Multiple-Factors-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocyte Activation Is Attenuated by the α2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Dexmedetomidine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10756. [PMID: 37445932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has analgesic and sedative properties and anti-inflammatory functions. Although the effects of Dex on arthritis have been revealed, the physiological mechanism underlying the interaction between Dex and rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-mediated inflammatory cytokines has not been fully studied. Inflamed and migrated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are involved in RA severity. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of Dex on RA-FLSs treated with inflammatory cytokines and a growth factor as multiple stimulating inputs. TNF-α, IL-6, and EGF as multiple stimulating inputs increased the cAMP concentration of RA-FLSs, while Dex treatment reduced cAMP concentration. Dex reduced electroneutral sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter 1 (NBCn1) expression, NBC activity, and subsequent RA-FLS migration. The mRNA expression levels of RA-related factors, such as inflammatory cytokines and osteoclastogenesis factors, were enhanced by multiple-input treatment. Notably, Dex effectively reduced these expression levels in RA-FLSs. These results indicate that multiple inflammatory or stimulating inputs enhance RA-FLS migration, and treatment with Dex relieves activated RA-FLSs, suggesting that Dex is a potential therapeutic drug for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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Ji M, Ryu HJ, Baek HM, Shin DM, Hong JH. Dynamic synovial fibroblasts are modulated by NBCn1 as a potential target in rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:503-517. [PMID: 35414711 PMCID: PMC9076869 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by aggressive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and pannus formation. Various therapeutic strategies have been developed against inflammatory cytokines in RA in recent decades. Based on the migratory features of FLSs, we examined whether modulation of the migratory module attenuates RA severity. In this study, inflamed synovial fluid-stimulated FLSs exhibited enhanced migration and migratory apparatus expression, and sodium bicarbonate cotransporter n1 (NBCn1) was identified in primary cultured RA-FLSs for the first time. The NBC inhibitor S0859 attenuated the migration of FLSs induced with synovial fluid from patients with RA or with TNF-α stimulation. Inhibition of NBCs with S0859 in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model reduced joint swelling and destruction without blood, hepatic, or renal toxicity. Primary FLSs isolated from the CIA-induced mouse model also showed reduced migration in the presence of S0859. Our results suggest that inflammatory mediators in synovial fluid, including TNF-α, recruit NBCn1 to the plasma membrane of FLSs to provide dynamic properties and that modulation of NBCn1 could be developed into a therapeutic strategy for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Ryu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdongdae-ro 774-gil, Nandong-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Man Baek
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea.
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Lee D, Lee PCW, Hong JH, Shin DM. Estrogen treatment reduced oxalate transporting activity and enhanced migration through the involvement of SLC26A6 in lung cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Ion Channels, Transporters, and Sensors Interact with the Acidic Tumor Microenvironment to Modify Cancer Progression. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 182:39-84. [PMID: 34291319 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors, including breast carcinomas, are heterogeneous but typically characterized by elevated cellular turnover and metabolism, diffusion limitations based on the complex tumor architecture, and abnormal intra- and extracellular ion compositions particularly as regards acid-base equivalents. Carcinogenesis-related alterations in expression and function of ion channels and transporters, cellular energy levels, and organellar H+ sequestration further modify the acid-base composition within tumors and influence cancer cell functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Cancer cells defend their cytosolic pH and HCO3- concentrations better than normal cells when challenged with the marked deviations in extracellular H+, HCO3-, and lactate concentrations typical of the tumor microenvironment. Ionic gradients determine the driving forces for ion transporters and channels and influence the membrane potential. Cancer and stromal cells also sense abnormal ion concentrations via intra- and extracellular receptors that modify cancer progression and prognosis. With emphasis on breast cancer, the current review first addresses the altered ion composition and the changes in expression and functional activity of ion channels and transporters in solid cancer tissue. It then discusses how ion channels, transporters, and cellular sensors under influence of the acidic tumor microenvironment shape cancer development and progression and affect the potential of cancer therapies.
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10
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Toft NJ, Axelsen TV, Pedersen HL, Mele M, Burton M, Balling E, Johansen T, Thomassen M, Christiansen PM, Boedtkjer E. Acid-base transporters and pH dynamics in human breast carcinomas predict proliferative activity, metastasis, and survival. eLife 2021; 10:68447. [PMID: 34219652 PMCID: PMC8282339 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer heterogeneity in histology and molecular subtype influences metabolic and proliferative activity and hence the acid load on cancer cells. We hypothesized that acid-base transporters and intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics contribute inter-individual variability in breast cancer aggressiveness and prognosis. We show that Na+,HCO3- cotransport and Na+/H+ exchange dominate cellular net acid extrusion in human breast carcinomas. Na+/H+ exchange elevates pHi preferentially in estrogen receptor-negative breast carcinomas, whereas Na+,HCO3- cotransport raises pHi more in invasive lobular than ductal breast carcinomas and in higher malignancy grade breast cancer. HER2-positive breast carcinomas have elevated protein expression of Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1/SLC9A1 and Na+,HCO3- cotransporter NBCn1/SLC4A7. Increased dependency on Na+,HCO3- cotransport associates with severe breast cancer: enlarged CO2/HCO3--dependent rises in pHi predict accelerated cell proliferation, whereas enhanced CO2/HCO3--dependent net acid extrusion, elevated NBCn1 protein expression, and reduced NHE1 protein expression predict lymph node metastasis. Accordingly, we observe reduced survival for patients suffering from luminal A or basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer with high SLC4A7 and/or low SLC9A1 mRNA expression. We conclude that the molecular mechanisms of acid-base regulation depend on clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients. NBCn1 expression and dependency on Na+,HCO3- cotransport for pHi regulation, measured in biopsies of human primary breast carcinomas, independently predict proliferative activity, lymph node metastasis, and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Toft
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine V Axelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helene L Pedersen
- Department of Pathology, Regionshospitalet Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - Marco Mele
- Department of Surgery, Regionshospitalet Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - Mark Burton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Balling
- Department of Surgery, Regionshospitalet Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - Tonje Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Regionshospitalet Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Clinical Genome Center, University and Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peer M Christiansen
- Department of Surgery, Regionshospitalet Randers, Randers, Denmark.,Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Hwang S, Lee PCW, Shin DM, Hong JH. Modulated Start-Up Mode of Cancer Cell Migration Through Spinophilin-Tubular Networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652791. [PMID: 33768098 PMCID: PMC7985070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinophilin (SPL) is a multifunctional actin-binding scaffolding protein. Although increased research on SPL in cancer biology has revealed a tumor suppressive role, its modulation in cancer biology, and oncological relevance remains elusive. Thus, we determined the role of SPL in the modulation of the junctional network and cellular migration in A549 lung cancer cell line. Knockdown of SPL promoted cancer cell invasion in agarose spot and scratch wound assays. Attenuation of SPL expression also enhanced invadopodia, as revealed by enhanced vinculin spots, and enhanced sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBC activity without enhancing membranous expression of NBCn1. Disruption of the tubular structure with nocodazole treatment revealed enhanced SPL expression and reduced NBC activity and A549 migration. SPL-mediated junctional modulation and tubular stability affected bicarbonate transporter activity in A549 cells. The junctional modulatory function of SPL in start-up migration, such as remodeling of tight junctions, enhanced invadopodia, and increased NBC activity, revealed here would support fundamental research and the development of an initial target against lung cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Hwang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Incheon, South Korea
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