Rezaei S, Gharapapagh E, Dabiri S, Heidari P, Aghanejad A. Theranostics in targeting fibroblast activation protein bearing cells: Progress and challenges.
Life Sci 2023;
329:121970. [PMID:
37481033 PMCID:
PMC10773987 DOI:
10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121970]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are surrounded by a complex and highly dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a critical component of TME, contribute to cancer cell proliferation as well as metastatic spread. CAFs express a variety of biomarkers, which can be targeted for detection and therapy. Most importantly, CAFs express high levels of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) which contributes to progression of cancer, invasion, metastasis, migration, immunosuppression, and drug resistance. As a consequence, FAP is an attractive theranostic target. In this review, we discuss the latest advancement in targeting FAP in oncology using theranostic biomarkers and imaging modalities such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), fluorescence imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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